Organization of the production process is one of the most important aspects of building the strategic plans of any organization. It depends on this whether the company will make a profit, whether its products will be able to differ in the required set of qualities. Before setting up a new production facility or launching a new product line, each operation is carefully planned. Production types and their characteristics will be discussed in detail below.
Features of the organization of the production process
Considering the types of production and their technical and economic characteristics, it is necessary first of all to understand why it is so important for each enterprise to find the optimal approach to the production of finished products correctly. The fact is that the further choice of production methods, as well as its control and planning, depends on this. The type of production depends on the organization of the production cycle. It can be continuous or periodic.
Based on the selected methodmanufacture of products make decisions on the rational use of machinery and equipment. Based on this, a list of the necessary units, as well as their equipment, is compiled. The type of production is directly related to the peculiarities of the movement of objects of labor during technological cycles, as well as to the system of management and planning of the organization's activities.
The general characteristics of the main types of production allows you to make the right decision in the process of formation and arrangement of workshops and structural divisions of the company, to calculate and optimize the level of loading of each workplace. Each type of enterprise has its own characteristics in the organization of the production process. Given them, you can choose the best approach to organizing all processes.
The type of production should be understood as categories that differ in the breadth of the range, stability and regularity of production. They reflect the features of the internal connections of all elements that are involved in the process. Each category of production reflects the frequency of operations for each workplace.
Influence of production type
The type of organization of the production process largely affects the entire technological cycle. Distinguish mass, single and mass production. Often, in the conditions of the same enterprise, each of the listed types is used. This is due to the need to synchronize all processes. For example, in machine-building industries, their characteristics and types of organization of work processes may not be the same. On theThe factory with a mass approach to the manufacture of products performs both medium and small-scale operations. If the plant is engaged in the production of single products, some technological cycles can be organized according to the serial type. This is quite normal and common practice.
The type of organization of production processes may depend on various factors. One of the determining factors is the industry in which the organization operates. From what type of technological cycles prevails at the enterprise, the form of the flow of the process of creating finished products depends, the boundaries of the rational use of technological equipment are indicated. It also allows you to determine which personnel with what level of training should be involved in each stage of the production cycle.
Organizational characteristics of production types allow you to make the right decision about choosing one or another level of standardization and unification in the manufacture of products. If a mass approach is applied to the release of goods, unification and standardization are of the greatest importance. If the production is single, original parts can be produced. Their level in the total mass of finished products can reach 100% for some enterprises.
Depending on the type of production chosen, the composition of the equipment is also chosen. Its usage can vary considerably over a given amount of time. The structure of operations of a piece of equipment is largely determined bytype of production. Preparatory, final and main procedures will take different shares of the total amount of working time.
One-off production
Considering the characteristics of various types of production, you can delve into their features and rules for organizing the workflow. One such category is the one-off production. In this case, products are manufactured in a small, limited number of copies. This type of production is also called piece production.
This approach to the organization of the technological cycle allows the company to produce a huge list of different goods. Their range is huge. Each product is produced in a limited quantity. At the same time, the list of finished products is unstable. In this case, it is almost impossible to apply standardization in the manufacture of such products. The share of original goods in the total mass of production is significant. Finished products may differ significantly in important ways (for example, appearance, functionality, design, etc.).
One of the main characteristics of a single type of production is the discontinuous nature of the technological cycle. In order to produce a unit of goods, it will take a lot of time. In this case, the equipment can be universal. Assembly takes a lot of manual labor. At the same time, the staff must have universal skills.
One-off production is widely used in the manufacture of iron and steel equipment,energy complex, as well as in the chemical industry and the service sector. This is often a creative process.
Most often, the shops of such industries are divided into sections in accordance with the type of technological processes. In the process of manufacturing products, significant labor (significant labor intensity, high level of staff qualifications), material resources are expended. This contributes to an increase in the cost of finished products. In it, a significant part belongs to the remuneration of staff. In some cases, this cost item is about 25% of the total cost of production.
Serial production
Considering the types of production and their technical and economic characteristics, special attention should be paid to mass production. This is the most common approach to organizing the manufacturing process of products. In this case, output persistence is observed. In this case, products are manufactured in batches or series. A certain regularity of release is established.
The annual range of serial production types is wider than the monthly one. This approach allows you to organize a fairly rhythmic release of products. It is produced in large quantities. This makes it possible to apply unification during the technological cycle. Details are standardized or normalized. They are included in the constructive series in large batches. This helps to reduce production costs.
This type of production is often found in the machine tool industry, in ferrous metallurgy. ATIn this case, a highly specialized approach to the organization of work is applied. Each workplace is characterized by the performance of certain operations. This allows workers to master the tool and devices well. In this case, the manufacturing process is of high quality, as the master can hone his skills, improve the techniques that he uses in the course of doing his work.
Considering the economic characteristics of types of production, it can be noted that with the serial method of production, it is possible to draw up a cyclically repeating schedule. This greatly simplifies the process control procedures.
Varieties of serial production
Serial production can be small, medium and large-scale. The main characteristic of the 1st type of production is the attraction to a single method of creating finished products. Small-scale production is a transitional stage from a single to a serial type. In this case, the products are made in batches, but they are very small.
This type of product manufacturing is popular, for example, in mechanical engineering. Now it has become fashionable to manufacture complex, unique equipment in small batches. Such a special order allows you to sell finished products more expensive. This is one of the main motivational factors for a certain category of buyers to make an expensive purchase.
Modern technologies make it possible to bring features of in-line production into small-scale production. On the same linefor example, you can make several different types of products. This allows you to reduce the consumption of working time in the process of reconfiguring the operation of the unit.
Considering the characteristics of serial production, it is also worth paying attention to the large-scale approach to manufacturing products. It is also a transitional form. This category is between series and mass production.
Large-scale production involves the release of products in significant batches. At the same time, the period of their production is quite long. This type of organization of production is typical for enterprises that manufacture individual products or kits for further processing. Standardization and unification in this case are high. The cost of production can be reduced due to the effect of economies of scale.
Mass production
Studying the characteristics of the types of organization of production, it is worth paying attention to the mass approach to the manufacture of products. In this case, the range of finished products is strictly limited. They are homogeneous in purpose, appearance, design and technical parameters. Production is carried out continuously. Finished products can be released simultaneously or in parallel.
For a long time, such industries produce the same type of products. The entire workshop or even the factory produces only one or two types of products. In this case, it becomes economically feasible to use not only unified, but alsointerchangeable elements. Each unit of production does not differ from the previous and subsequent part. Only slight differences in packaging may be observed.
Each piece of product is made in a very short time, which is measured in minutes. At the same time, the nomenclature of both monthly and annual issues is the same. This approach to production makes it possible to introduce a high degree of mechanization and automation of the entire production process.
The main characteristics of the mass type of production are most suitable for machine-building enterprises, as well as for the production of special equipment, agricultural equipment. This way of organizing the manufacture of products is also observed in light industry.
Equipment used in mass production is characterized by high productivity and automation. Equipment in this case is special. Jobs are highly specialized. Operators operate here. It also uses the labor of highly qualified employees who are responsible for maintaining the correct operation of the automated line.
Comparative characteristics
To consolidate information about the presented approaches to the organization of production, we should consider a comparative description of the types of production. It is presented in the table below.
| Factor | Massive | Serial | Single |
| Interchangeability | Full | Average | Missing (can be customized) |
| Issue repeatability | Always | Periodic | Never |
| Equipment | Mostly specialized | Partial Universal | Universal |
| Nomenclature | 1-2 kinds | Limited to series | Unlimited |
| Cost | Low | Average | High |
| Location of aggregates | Chain | Group and chain | Group |
| Tool | Special | Universal and special | Universal |
| Assigning operations to machines | The same operation is performed on each piece of equipment | Some operations are performed on the same unit | No special fastening |
| Qualification of workers | Mostly low, but there are highly qualified staff | Average | High |
Based on the above data, conclusions can be drawnabout the features of each approach to the organization of the production process.
Methods of organizing the production process
Knowing the economic characteristics of types of production, we can draw a conclusion about each approach to the organization of output. Based on this information, production methods are also selected. This concept should be understood as ways of implementing technological cycles. They are characterized by a number of features. One of the most important is the relationship between the order in which production equipment is placed and the sequence in which each operation is performed.
The method of organizing the production process determines the arrangement of units that take part in the technological cycle. Also, this concept includes the sequence with which this or that production task is performed, and the time of its duration.
There are three methods of production, which are called single, batch and in-line approach.
Description of methods
Types of production and their characteristics determine the choice of production method. Depending on how the parts move through the workplaces, there are discontinuous and continuous types of movement.
The direct-flow type of movement of objects of labor is organized in a sequential order. Products are moved sequentially from one processing stage to another along the technological cycle. If this process occurs not only in direct flow, but also continuously, such a process is called in-line.
If the release is organized sequentially, but with interruptions, it is called batch. In this case, only a certain number of parts (batch) are produced. This method should be used in enterprises with a wide range of products.
With frequent changes of equipment, as well as significant breaks between the execution of operations, the process of single-piece production of products takes place.
Production process planning
Having considered the main methods and types of production and their characteristics, the management of the enterprise can make the right decision about choosing one or another approach to organizing the production process.
One of the possible options could be to develop a step-by-step functional diagram. In this case, all resources that take part in the technological cycle are grouped according to the type of work they perform. More often used for small-scale production.
Sometimes a decision is made to create a fixed positional layout. The product in this case remains motionless. As needed, production resources are supplied to it, which is typical for construction.
In mass production, a linear scheme for the movement of objects of labor is used. This allows you to split the process into several smaller operations.
By considering the types of production and their characteristics, it is possible to organize technological cycles as efficiently as possible. This contributes to obtaining products with specified functions.
