Modern people are the descendants of a small population of about 1-2 thousand people. Gradually, settlement occurred throughout the globe, and people were divided into races and adaptive traits, as a result of the impact of various environmental factors. From the article you will learn the characteristics of adaptive types of a person.
Adaptive types, classification
Formed as a result of adaptation to the conditions of the human environment. Also, the food was different in each of the regions. As a result, the distinctive features of a person appeared.
Adaptive standard is a set of protective reactions resulting from long-term exposure to external and internal factors (stressogenic). Stress factors are the result of the influence of a combination of stimuli.
The norm of biological traits, reactions that depend on the human environment and manifested in the development of individual traits, is called the adaptive type of a person.
Belowtypes of adaptation are given:
- Biological adaptations are distinctive features acquired by an organism in order to protect itself as a result of the environment in which a person was located.
- Ethnic - adaptation of a group of people to climatic and social conditions.
- Social adaptation - adaptation to people around a person in any environment, to work, etc.
- Psychological - is formed and manifested in all kinds of adaptation in order to survive and form as a balanced personality.
Adaptive human types are classified depending on the environment and as a result of acquired features:
- Continental.
- Tropical.
- Arid.
- Alpine.
- Moderate.
- Arctic.
Continental type of adaptability
For the population of this zone, the following features are characteristic: a flat chest, a tendency to be overweight, the content of substances of mineral origin in the skeleton is below the norm.
The chest type of physique is widespread, which is characterized by weak muscle development, stoop, and a hollow in the abdomen. The abdominal type has also become widespread, the distinguishing features of which are: a conical chest, a convex stomach, a regular (wavy) or stooped back.
In the taiga zone, the signs are similar, but the distinguishing feature is the diminutiveness of the physique.
Tropical type of adaptability
In these latitudes, high solar activity, tropical storms, etc. The environment plays an important role in the formation of adaptive human types.
This type includes people living in a warm and humid area. They differ in the following features: the shape of the body is elongated, dolichomorphism - long arms and legs, combined with a short body. Relatively large body surface. Many sweat glands, which contributes to the intensive release of sweat.
The metabolic rate is average, the synthesis of endogenous fat and cholesterol from the liver is at a low level, which affects the he alth of a person in these areas. There is a reduced content of minerals in the bones. Often the phenomenon of reduced protein has also found its place endemic diseases associated with increased or decreased content in the habitat of a particular chemical.
All these traits are acquired from being in a hot climate with high humidity.
Arid type of adaptability
This type includes people living in desert areas. These latitudes are characterized by rare rainfall and a hot climate.
Features of the physique of the arid adaptive type of a person: a linear physique, a flat chest, muscles are poorly developed, the fat component is small, a slow metabolic process in the body. Less sensitive to changes in habitat temperature.
High mountain adaptive type
This type of latitude is characterized by low average annual temperatures,lack of oxygen. People of this type are distinguished by a massive skeleton, a cylindrical chest, a high content of hemoglobin and erythrocytes in the blood. The thyroid gland is less developed. Metabolism is intense compared to the types described above.
Intensity in development is low, as in growth, but life expectancy is much higher than in other regions.
Arctic type
The adaptive type of a person was formed as a result of the influence of cold, food, mainly of animal origin. The population of this type is distinguished by powerful muscles, a massive skeleton, a fat complex, a large chest and has the shape of a cylinder.
The hemoglobin index of the Arctic adaptive human type is high compared to other types. The bone marrow reaches a large size, the bones are rich in substances of mineral origin, cholesterol and protein in the blood of such people are at a high level. At the same time, immunity is average.
Climate Impact
An important factor is the temperature and its effect on the body. Population density around the world varies with air temperature. Due to thermoregulation of the body, a person adapts to seasonal changes in temperature. Therefore, the smaller the difference in seasonal temperature changes, the more favorable the conditions for living and the population is characterized by an increase in numbers.
Solar activity affects human performance and he alth, orientation inspace also depends on sunlight, enhances brain activity. Vitamin D deficiency causes diseases such as rickets.
Adaptive human types in different climatic zones differ in skin color and muscles.
Atmospheric pressure also affects physiological parameters. In the north of Eurasia, Canada, Alaska there is a cold zone. The growing season lasts no more than two months. Low temperatures hinder active farming.
In the latitudes of Eurasia there is a cool belt, as well as in the north and south of America, in the Andes. The warm regions of this belt are distinguished by the development of agriculture.
The temperate zone is located in Europe, not including the southern islands, the Russian Plain, Kazakhstan, South Siberia and the East, Mongolia, Tibet, Northeast China, southern Canada, northern parts of the United States.
The warm belt occupies the Eurasian Mediterranean, southern China, most of the US and Mexico, Chile and Argentina, southern Africa and Australia.
The hot type belt occupies the predominant area of Africa, South America, South Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, Central America. Also, the agro-climatic zoning of the world is carried out depending on the degree of moisture.
Moderate type of adaptability
There is a relationship between adaptive human types and races, since the formation of different human types causes their settlement around the world.
The type of temperate zone is the most common on the planet. In terms of distinctive features and climate, it occupiesintermediate position between two types: arctic and tropical.
The moderate type is widespread, combining many different factors of all latitudes to which the body must adapt.
Adaptive types and races
On planet Earth, there are basically three races: Mongoloid, Negroid, Caucasoid. Each of the races has its own characteristics of the physical structure of the body, way of thinking, culture, etc.
The Mongoloid race, whose representatives come mainly from Asia, is characterized by a skin color that can be either light or swarthy, a flat face with prominent cheekbones. The hairline on the body is poorly developed, the eyes are narrow, the eyelashes are short, the mouth is small. All these features are dictated by the habitat, climatic conditions, habits.
Negroid race. Its representatives live almost throughout Africa. Representatives of this race can be distinguished by dark skin, curly hair, a wide nose, a large distance between the eyes, full lips, a strong growth of facial hair. The color of the skin is due to the very hot climate of the habitats.
Representatives of the Caucasian race inhabit mainly the countries of Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and the center of Asia. This race is characterized by an orthognathic face, which protrudes significantly forward in the horizontal plane. The hair is usually quite soft. The incision of the eyes is wide, but the palpebral fissure may be small. Nose with a high nasal bridge, moderately or strongly protruding. Lips moderatelyfull or thin. Hair growth on the body and face is medium to strong.
Adaptive human types and large races are interconnected. However, they are not equal. The adaptive type manifests itself in similar conditions for the existence of people, regardless of race and ethnic group. This, in fact, is the norm of the reaction that occurs in similar living conditions of the human population. While a race implies a common origin of all groups included in it, living in a certain territory.
Races - systems of human populations that are similar in hereditary traits. Factors that influenced the emergence of races:
- Natural selection.
- Gene drift.
- Mutations.
- Insulation.
The era of great geographical discoveries made by Europeans is associated with the emergence of racism - a set of views, the basis of which is the judgment of the superiority of one race over others in terms of mental and / or physical characteristics. The first form of racism was slavery. An ancient society was built on slavery, but it was almost eradicated at the end of the Middle Ages.
Adaptive ecological types of a person in the process of evolution can change due to changes in the environment.
