In the history of civilization, it is almost impossible to find such a moment when one can say that it was at this moment that the idea of the unity of the world appeared. Even then, a person was faced with a unique harmony between the whole and the individual parts. This problem is relevant not only in biology, but also in physics, economics, mathematics and other sciences. The system approach, which results in a theoretical interpretation, is called the General Theory of Functional Systems. It was formed as a reaction to the rapid development of analytical concepts in science, which remove the creative idea from what for a long period of time was called the problem of the whole organism. What are functional systems in the understanding of various sciences? Let's figure it out.
The concept in anatomy and physiology
The human body is a collection of different functional systems. At the moment there is only one of allsystems that dominate. The purpose of its activity is to return to the norm of a certain value. It is formed temporarily and is aimed at achieving a result. A functional system (FS) is a complex of tissues and organs that belong to different anatomical structures, but are combined in order to achieve a useful result.
There are two types of FS. The first variant provides self-regulation of the organism at the expense of its internal resources, without violating its boundaries. An example of this would be maintaining a constant blood pressure, body temperature, and so on. This system automatically compensates for shifts in the body's internal environment.
The second type of FS provides self-regulation by changing behavioral acts, interaction with the external environment. This kind of functional systems is the basis for the formation of different types of behavior.
Structure
The structure of a functional system is quite simple. Each of these FS consists of:
- central part, characterized by the complexity of nerve centers that regulate a specific function;
- executive part, due to the totality of organs and tissues, the activity of which is aimed at achieving results (this also includes behavioral reactions);
- feedback, which is characterized by the occurrence after the activity of the second part of the system of the secondary flow of impulses in the central nervous system (it provides information about the change in magnitude);
- useful result.
Properties
Each functional system of the body has some properties:
- Dynamism. Each FS is temporary. Different human organs can be included in the complex of one FS, while the same organs can be in different systems.
- Self-regulation. Each FS contributes to maintaining a constant level of values without external interference.
All systems work as follows: when the value changes, the impulses enter their central part and form a sample of the future result. Further, the second part is included in the activity. When the result obtained matches the sample, the functional system disintegrates.
Theory of Anokhin P. K
Anokhin P. K. the theory of functional systems was put forward, which describes a model of behavior. According to it, all individual mechanisms of the body are combined into a single system of an adaptive act of behavior. The act of behavior, no matter how complex it may be, begins with an afferent synthesis. The excitation that was caused by an external stimulus enters into connection with other excitations that are different in function. The brain synthesizes these signals, which enter it through sensory channels. As a result of this synthesis, he creates the conditions for the implementation of purposeful behavior. Synthesis includes such factors as motivation, triggering afferentation, situational, and memory.
Further on, the functional nervous system enters the stagedecision-making, on which the type of behavior depends. This stage is possible in the presence of a formed apparatus of an acceptor of the results of an action, which lays the results of events that will occur in the future. Then there is the implementation of the program of action, where excitations are integrated into a single act of behavior. Thus, the action is formed, but not implemented. Next comes the stage of implementation of the behavioral program, then the results are evaluated. Based on this assessment, the behavior is corrected or the action is terminated. At the last stage, the functional systems cease their activity, the satisfaction of the need is completed.
Management
The constant development of market relations and competition suggest that the latest functional management system should be used. This will help increase the efficiency of the enterprise. FS should be flexible, have the ability to improve themselves, conduct highly effective forms of organizing activities, and also create conditions for new scientific and technical discoveries. The main task is to organize the company's work in the market at present and in the future, assess the company's capabilities, and also search for the right opportunities in a competitive environment.
Regulations
The functional management information system has several provisions:
- To achieve the goal, it is necessary to analyze the means, select and apply the company's employees in accordance with their qualifications, ensure theirnecessary resources.
- It is necessary to analyze the external environment, study its changes, as well as manage the company depending on these changes.
A well-built FS of management provides for monitoring the development of personnel, the skillful use of their resources. Therefore, it is recommended to involve skillful talented people, keep them, motivating their activities. The functionality of the management system is aimed at the selection of employees and their development. This is the priority task in the development of FS management. Close attention is also paid to the management strategy, when the company's management thinks over the model of the company's functioning for a long period of time. This is done to ensure the competitiveness of the company. The model is thought out taking into account the potential of the company, where the main thing is to improve the lives of staff.
Math
Mathematical functional systems are closely related to biological systems. Some authors consider a systematic approach as the application of mathematical FS to study phenomena in biology, their scientific explanation. After building a FS (mathematical model) and defining a task, the properties of this system are studied by mathematical methods: deduction and machine modeling.
Steps of a systematic approach
In biology, a systematic approach consists of several stages:
- abstraction, that is, building a system and defining a task for it;
- deduction, that is, consideration of the properties of a system withusing deductive methods;
- interpretation, that is, consideration of the meaning of properties that were found by deductive methods in a biological phenomenon.
In the same way, mathematical functional systems are used to study phenomena in production. First, a mathematical FS is theoretically formulated, after which its tasks are applied to the explanation of phenomena, both in biology and in management. In practice, systemic patterns can be developed on the basis of specific biological material, which should be the basis of formalization. With the help of a quick mathematical understanding of patterns, the prospect of developing knowledge in biology and physiology becomes real. But the mathematical theory of biological systems must be built with the involvement of purposeful behavior.
The specificity of a biological system lies in the fact that the need for a result and the way to obtain it mature inside the system, in its metabolic and hormonal processes, after which the need is realized through the neural circuits in acts of behavior that allow mathematical formalization. Thus, the question of the use of mathematical FS in various industries should be well studied.
Conclusions
At the heart of every FS is a need. It is the need and its satisfaction that act as the main positions in the formation and organization of the work of various functional systems. Since the needs are changeable, all FS are closely interconnected in time. Beneficial result is achievedthrough a certain activity that takes place at various levels: biochemical, psychological, social. It is activity that appears as a hierarchy of biochemical, individual psychological and psychological-social physiological systems. Thus, each FS is presented as a cyclic closed organization, which is constantly self-regulating and self-improving.
The main criterion for FS is a positive result. Any deviations from the level, which contributes to the normal functioning of the body, are perceived by receptors. With the help of nervous and humoral afferentation, they include certain nerve formations in their work. Further through behavior, hormonal and vegetative reactions return the result to the level that is necessary for normal metabolism. All processes occur continuously according to the principle of self-regulation.
Finally
Thus, the study of functional systems is necessary not only in biology, physiology, but also in other sciences. All of them have one task - to get the necessary positive result. Knowledge of FS can be successfully used to build a management model in an enterprise, motivating employees for a positive result. Also, mathematical skills are used to study biological systems.
