The settlement of the territory of modern Tatarstan began about 90 thousand years ago, and the history of the development of the Tatar ethnic group has more than a dozen centuries. During this time, the Tatar statehood went through several stages in its development: from the Volga Bulgaria to numerous medieval khanates, the most prominent representative of which was the Golden Horde.
By the time of the formation of modern Tatarstan, the writing changed from Turkic runic to Cyrillic. The number of Tatars within the borders of the later emerged Tatar ASSR was more than 1.5 million people. For those who believe that the Tatar ASSR is a country, it will be useful to know the history of its formation and development. Let's take a look at the past and see how the formation of republics in the Soviet Union began.
When was the Tatar ASSR formed?
The Bolsheviks, during the seizure of power, took into account the national component and used local features in working with national democratic organizations. After the establishment of Soviet power in Kazan in November 1917, the leadership of the young countrythought about creating the Tatar Republic.
In January 1920, a few years after the Bolsheviks came to power, the Politburo supported the formation of the Tatar Republic. A little later, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee announced the Decree of May 27, 1920, in which it established a new autonomy and determined the structure of the state power apparatus in the future republic. It was necessary to create a Central Executive Committee, which was to deal with the election of deputies to the local Council and the Council of People's Commissars.
Republic Formation Day
The Republic was formed on June 25, 1920, when the Kazan Executive Committee withdrew its powers of leadership and transferred them to the Provisional Revolutionary Committee of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which was supposed to prepare the basis for the creation of the Constituent Congress of Soviets.
The name "Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" sounded and was fixed in official documents two years later, when the USSR was established at the end of December 1922. The newly formed Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic has become one of the regions of the Volga region with the most rapid economic development.
Celebration of the day of the formation of the Tatar Republic
The Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed in troubled years of severe upheavals and tectonic shifts in the structure of the Russian state. There were many changes, and the emergence of the Tatar Republic on June 25, 20th year of the last century was one of them.
On the eve of June 18, the Politburo issued a resolution not only on the formation of the Tatar Soviet Republic, but also on the need forin connection with this, the development of a plan for holding celebrations. Within two days, the Kazan executive committee submitted for discussion and approved the scheme for holding ceremonial events, which included the development of a monument to the singer of the revolution from the Tatar people Mulanur Vakhitov and the laying of a national theater. Measures were also taken to organize a parade and distribute increased rations to the population.
Finally, on June 25, a joint meeting of the Kazan Council with the party and trade union authorities was held, during which the provincial committee transferred the authority to manage the region to the revolutionary committee. Preparations for the celebration were not in vain. Kazan, designated as the capital of the newly created republic, was decorated and had a festive look. It was fun - the troops held a parade, the workers - a subbotnik.
The day of the formation of the republic was celebrated, if possible, solemnly in other settlements of the region. Bugulma was marked by a parade of the garrison stationed in the city. In Chistopol and Tetyushi, the significance of the moment was emphasized by numerous rallies and demonstrations, in which the majority of the population of the cities took part. Perhaps voluntarily, but who knows?
In full accordance with the Soviet tradition, dating back to those times, the committee received telegrams of greeting and gratitude from the workers.
Tatar ASSR: districts and cities
The commission created by the Revolutionary Committee carried out a territorial division and determined the boundaries of the TASSR. The composition of the republic was largely determined inaccordance with the national component. The territory was replenished with districts with a Tatar population, which were previously part of other provinces. Using economic criteria, the territory of the TASSR can be divided into the following regions:
- Pre-Volga.
- Southeast and Northeast Zakamye.
- Western Zakamye.
- Western and Eastern Predkamye.
- Northwest.
The emergence and development of the oil, chemical and energy industries were those favorable economic factors that the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic felt. The cities of the republic grew. With the increase in population density and the growth of the working class, the process of building new cities and towns was launched. Such cities as Naberezhnye Chelny, Yelabuga, Leninogorsk appeared and flourished.
Legal Status of the Republic
The Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic had a state-legal status, enshrined in a Decree of May 27, 1920. Its official part proclaimed the intention of the RSFSR to create equality between all the republics, as well as a mechanism for dividing financial and technical resources between the regions from the common treasury. It was proclaimed that power would be concentrated in the hands of the working people and peasants. From subsequent events, we know that it was a beautiful, but non-binding slogan of the ruling party.
The structure of the authorities included regional councils, the CEC and the Council of People's Commissars. The created people's commissariats had considerable autonomy in their actions and were subordinate to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The military sphere was in chargeTatar Commissariat.
Foreign policy and trade remained under the responsibility of central government structures.
Creation of autonomous authorities
The structure of state power in the autonomy was created in accordance with the Constitution adopted in the RSFSR. The branches of power were formed from the Council of People's Commissars elected in the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Central Executive Committee and many local Soviets.
The basis of the apparatus of power was the commissariats, affecting the management of all public spheres:
- Interior.
- Financial.
- Agricultural.
- Enlightenment.
- He alth and Welfare.
- Justice.
Some of these commissariats obeyed the federal government, some retained autonomy in their decisions and actions. After the creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the Tatar Republic, this organization exercised control over the commissariats within the sphere of influence of the republic.
Interaction with the RSFSR
At the initial stage of building relations between the RSFSR and the autonomous republics, the federal government tried to organize the interaction of apparatus structures with the help of the institution of representations. Until November 6, 1920, a representative office of the TASSR functioned under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which was abolished, and its functions and powers began to be performed by a representative office under the People's Commissariat for Nationalities.
Since 1924, the institute of representation of all created at that time began its work in the presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committeenational republics. Economic and financial relations developed through the Regulations on the Tattorg Representation.
The field of activity of the TASSR representative office was not limited to the economy. Autonomy and the federal government interacted on a wide range of issues affecting the socio-cultural, political and national aspects. So that no one would doubt that the Tatar ASSR is Russia, a number of actions were taken. The autonomy of the republic was limited in 1938 by adopting Decree No. 2575, which liquidated the representation of the TASSR in Moscow.
Participation of the Tatar Republic in the Great Patriotic War
For the entire country, the war period was difficult and exhausting. The Tatar ASSR was no exception. During the Great Patriotic War, the male population was mobilized to repel the aggressor. At the beginning of the war, most of the agricultural equipment was transferred to meet the needs of the army. Despite the extremely difficult working conditions, the villages of Tatarstan produced and delivered food to the front.
Many factories of the TASSR, both located on its territory initially and evacuated, rebuilt production for the production of weapons and military equipment. Engine-building and aircraft instrument-making enterprises were launched, mass-producing military products.
On the territory of the Tatar Republic, the 22nd plant operated, where he acted as chiefdesigner, creator of the Pe-2 and Pe-8 Vladimir Petlyakov, as well as a design bureau that created jet engines.
Tatarstan, meeting the needs of the front, produced a huge amount of military products, including: shells and cartridges, armored trains and boats, components for the Katyusha and communications equipment.
We should not forget about the number of evacuated citizens brought from the occupied and destroyed territories of the Soviet Union. Only in Kazan the population during the war years increased by 100 thousand people.
