In this article, we will briefly talk about the basic concepts of anatomy. In particular, let's figure out what role different human organs play, the layout of which will be given separately.
This information will be useful for schoolchildren, as well as those who need to remember the basics of the human structure.
Concepts "organ" - "apparatus" - "system"
Further in the article we will analyze the structural features of the human body, for now it is worth deciding on the conceptual apparatus. In principle, for a deep understanding of the following information, it will be enough to be familiar with the three terms.
So, an organ is a collection of various cells and tissues in the body that perform strictly defined functions. From the ancient Greek language, this word is translated as "tool".
From the point of view of medicine and biology, an organ is a collection of cells and tissues only under the condition of their embryological relationship and stable position within the body.
Further, when we analyze human organs, the diagram will help you navigate in their placement inbody.
The next thing to talk about is "organ system". This is a specific group of organs in our body, which has an embryological and anatomical relationship, and is also functionally combined.
It is important to understand the definition literally. Because the next term is actually a stripped-down version of the previous one.
So, the apparatus is a single group of organs that are united by a single executable function. Unlike the previous concept, this is the only thing that determines their relationship. They have no anatomical or embryonic relationship.
Musculoskeletal system
It is most expedient to start studying the anatomical structure of the body from the musculoskeletal system. In this case, we are faced with the third term, which was discussed above.
Here we are dealing with the results of such sciences as osteology, syndesmology and myology.
In fact, this apparatus includes the entire set of bones, tendons, joints and somatic muscles. They are responsible not only for the proportions of the body and its shape, but also for facial expressions, movements and locomotion.
As you have seen, the human organs (see the diagram above) use this apparatus as a support.
Cardiovascular system
Next, we will touch on the internal structure of the body and partially external. It is important to make a reservation here that, like the musculoskeletal system, the cardiovascular system is one of the most important for human life support.
It circulates blood through arteries and veins and delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells. In addition, the bloodstream removes carbon dioxide and other waste products from the cells of our body.
If you look closely, veins and capillaries entangle all human organs. The scheme of the cardiovascular system is similar to a cobweb of large and small blood vessels.
The main organ of this system is the heart, which, like a perpetual motion machine, pumps blood through the vessels without stopping. The working time of this organ depends on the he alth and natural resource of the body.
Poor nutrition, ecology, genetics and constant stress lead to the fact that the walls of blood vessels become thinner, and the internal cavities become clogged with toxins. As a consequence of this behavior, diseases such as hypertension and cardiovascular problems arise. In the future, this leads to death.
Lymphatic system
Very interesting science - anatomy. The structure of a person opens his eyes to many physiological, and along with them, to psychological processes. For example, the lymphatic system. It is very similar to cardiovascular. But, unlike the latter, the lymphatic system does not close, and it does not have such a unique organ as the heart.
It consists of vessels, capillaries, trunks, ducts and nodes. Lymph under slight natural pressure slowly moves through the hollow tubes. With the help of this liquid, waste is removed that could notbe disposed of by the circulatory system.
Actually, lymph is a drainage system for removing fluid from body tissues. Outflow occurs in the veins. Thus, the entire circulation of blood plasma in the body is finally closed.
Nervous system
Everything that studies anatomy (human structure, functioning of organs, various processes in the body) is regulated by the nervous system.
It consists of central and peripheral departments. The first includes the spinal cord and brain, and the second includes nerves, roots, plexuses and ganglia, as well as nerve endings.
Here the musculoskeletal system plays an important role. The brain is located in the cavity of the cranium, and the spinal cord descends down the canal inside the spine.
According to the functions performed, the nervous system is divided into vegetative and somatic. The first is responsible for the transmission of impulses between the central departments and internal organs. Whereas the second one connects the brain with the skin and the musculoskeletal system with nerve fibers.
Next we'll talk about the endocrine system. Together with the nervous system, they provide uninterrupted communication and regulation of the activity of all body systems without exception. In addition, an important point is the ability of the body to respond to external and internal changes that are noticed through the autonomic and somatic systems.
Sensory system
Earlier, we mentioned the ability of the human body to respond to external stimuli and changes. Homethe sensory system plays a role in fixing them.
It includes organs such as eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose. Thanks to the functions for which these parts of the body are responsible, we can explore the world around us deeper and brighter.
In fact, this is the result of the interaction of the peripheral and central structures of our nervous system. For example, an external stimulus affects the eye, the nerve in this organ perceives changes and sends an impulse to the brain. There, the information is processed and compared with the signals received from other sources.
As a result of such an operation, we get an idea of what is happening around. Thus, the external effect is carried out on the receptors located on the surface of the body, and the internal effect is carried out by sensory nerves that penetrate the tissues. Human anatomy studies not only the structure, but also the interaction of various organs and systems.
In sensory perception, variables such as sound, taste, temperature, pressure, light reflections and visual images are determined. “Analyzers” provide assistance in fixing data to the nervous system. This is the whole complex of formations on the surface and inside the body, which works as a sensor.
It is thanks to research in this area that he alth sciences have emerged that are able to correct and repair disorders in our body. After all, without comparing our sensations, we would be just separate beings without a common worldview.
Endocrine system
Together with the nervous system, itperforms the functions of internal regulation and sensation of the environment. In addition, the endocrine system is responsible for homeostasis, emotional reactions, mental activity, as well as the growth, development and puberty of the body.
If you look at the structure of the human body, you can see only part of this system. The main organs are the following glands: thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, testicles (ovaries), pituitary, thymus, and pineal glands.
Like the nervous, the endocrine is divided into two systems. The first is called glandular, consists of the above glands and produces hormones from these organs. The second - diffuse - is scattered throughout the body. It looks like individual endocrine cells that produce aglandular hormones.
Reproductive system
In our next topic, we will have to discuss separately the male and female reproductive systems. In principle, the reproductive system is responsible for only one function - human reproduction. During intercourse, it is possible to conceive an embryo, which will later turn into a child.
The male reproductive system is located in the pelvic area and is located completely outside the body. It includes the penis and testicles. These are glands and muscles. Human anatomy basically has a difference only in the systems responsible for fertilization, birth and bearing offspring. The main function of the male system is the production of spermatozoa and androgens.
The female reproductive system is different from the male. It has both external and internalorgans. The first include the large and small labia, the glands on them, as well as the entrance to the vagina and clitoris. To the second - the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina.
But the female reproductive system is divided. If the male is located only in the pelvic region, then women also have its thoracic section. The mammary glands play a very important role in the process of feeding a child.
Urinary system
At the beginning of the article, a general scheme of the structure of human organs was shown. If you look closely, you can see that the bulk of the internal organs are located in the abdominal cavity. Now we will talk about the urinary system, which is located entirely in the pelvic area.
So, just like the reproductive system, the urinary system is different in men and women. We will not repeat the structure of most organs, we will only touch on those that are involved exclusively in the functioning of this system.
In the basic sense, it is necessary for the accumulation and removal of foreign and toxic compounds, products of nitrogen metabolism and an excess of various substances through the urine. This system includes a pair of kidneys, ureters, urethra and bladder.
In addition to the above function, it is also inherent in the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates, the production of various biologically active compounds, as well as the regulation of the water-s alt balance and, as a result, the maintenance of homeostasis.
Digestive system
If you carefully look at the structure of the internal organs included in this system, you will notice that there is no timethey were one pipe. In the course of evolution, various departments were formed responsible for the stages of digestion.
So, this system includes the gastrointestinal tract with various auxiliary organs. It consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. Auxiliary functions are performed by the liver, pancreas and salivary glands, gallbladder and other organs.
The function of the digestive system, as the name implies, is to extract and deliver nutrients from food to the cells of the body. The process consists of several stages: mechanical processing of food, chemical processing, absorption, splitting and excretion of waste.
Respiratory system
In the respiratory system, the structure of the internal organs is somewhat similar to the previous one, the digestive one. There are breathing tubes here, which, like the esophagus, are lined on the inside with a mucous membrane with glands and blood vessels. Thanks to this device, the air, getting in from the outside, acquires an optimal temperature for the body.
In winter, cold air is warmed up, and in summer it is cooled due to specific processes in this system. In addition, the air is also being cleaned from various impurities that were in the atmosphere during inhalation.
The respiratory system consists of two sections - upper and lower. The first includes the nasopharynx and nasal cavity, the second - the larynx, bronchi and trachea.
Integumentary system
The structure of the human body is thought outnature down to the smallest detail. Thus, the integumentary system is responsible for protecting the body from temperature changes, damage, drying out, the penetration of toxins and pathogens.
This system consists of skin (epithelium and dermis) and derivatives: hair, nails, sweat, sebaceous glands.
Immune system
If the previous system protected the body from external interference, this one protects against aggression of another kind. Nature has created the ideal structure of the body. The internal organs that perform the functions necessary for life are protected by several lines of defense.
We talked about the outer one earlier, but the inner one is the immune system. Its main task is to protect the body from pathogens and tumors. This system includes the thymus, lymphoid tissue, lymph nodes and spleen.
Thus, in this article we briefly touched on the structure of the body, as well as the location of organs in various systems of the human body.
