How the organs are located in the body, the principle of their work and the structure of the general structure should be known to every educated individual. That is why human anatomy has been studied since school.
After all, the elementary principles of topography (that is, the location of internal organs) are very important. Even to understand which organ causes discomfort and pain, you need to know this.
Human anatomy at school
The initial concepts of the topography of organs and their systems are given at the initial stage of education, in the 4th grade (lessons of the "World around"). However, a more detailed and thorough consideration of the issues of the structure of the human body is relegated to the conscious age of children - grade 8.
Before that, the guys have already considered the structure of plants and animals, so it will be easier for them to learn an anatomy lesson, despite the complex, multifaceted material on the structure of a person.
This discipline contains many terminological concepts that will have to be fully assimilated by children at the end of the year. Also, the study of material on this science is impossible without proper teaching aids, especiallyvisibility.
There must be tables, slides of presentation materials or interactive drawings and diagrams (or better - all this together, in a complex). An anatomy lesson is impossible without this, since you can understand it only by looking visually. Much attention in the thematic planning of the discipline is given to the structure, functioning and significance of the reproductive and excretory systems. So, for example, almost at the end of the school year, when children have become even older and can adequately perceive material of a corresponding nature, the anatomy of a woman and a man begins to be studied. Particular attention is paid to the issues of the female part, as they are associated with vital processes - pregnancy and childbirth, fetal embryogenesis.
Features of the study of the anatomy of a woman
Human anatomy is studied throughout the school year. Women are arranged in exactly the same way as men, therefore, when considering the circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous systems, GNI, analyzers, no gender differences are provided. However, when it comes to the structure of the genitourinary system, they are obvious.
There are several main points that this section of anatomy includes:
- Study of the composition and functions of the mammary glands.
- Review of the features of the bone structure of the pelvis.
- Opening the mechanisms of action and structure of the female reproductive system, which includes the external and internal genital organs.
- Study of the cyclical processes in the female body and their role.
- Fertilization, formationfetus and its embryonic development during the entire period of pregnancy.
- Childbirth and ontogeny of the fetus.
The anatomy of a woman is an important and complex issue, quite intimate. But it is always of great interest to teenagers. That is why it is important to be able to preserve and develop it with a correct, beautiful and visual presentation of the material.
Mammary glands
Paired formations in the female body, having an outer and an inner part. The first is a skin-covered organ of various shapes (round, pear-shaped, elongated, and so on). Weight and volume may vary for different female representatives. On the pointed middle part of the chest is the nipple - a special structure through which the product of the mammary glands - milk - is brought out. Around it is encircling the darkened part - the areola, or areola. This area has a different coloration, which depends on the race of the woman and whether she was in labor. The areola is covered with small wrinkles, inside it consists of smooth and transverse muscles, sebaceous and sweat glands. A large number of mammary glands pass through it and the nipples, opening their ducts outward.
The inner part of the breast of a woman is represented by the following structural parts:
- Adipose tissue. Almost 2/3 of the entire mass of the breast falls on her.
- Shares consisting of smaller slices. Structures that fill a significant part of the internal space of the chest. In total there are about 20pieces, all of them are immersed in a common connective adipose tissue. Inside they consist of numerous alveoli, vessels, vesicles that produce milk. Positioned radially around each nipple.
- Lymphatic and blood vessels supply the breast with their products, nourish the mammary glands.
- The chest muscle is the structure to which the chest itself is attached inside the body.
The physiology and anatomy of the mammary glands are mainly aimed at one function - the production and excretion of milk through special ducts through the nipple to the outside. There can be up to 9 holes in one nipple through which the liquid comes out.
Topography of the mammary glands: located on the anterior chest wall between the 3rd and 7th ribs, symmetrically to each other and relative to the central bone. Between the breasts there is a sinus that separates them.
Anatomy of the female pelvis
The main difference between male and female anatomy is, of course, not only the absence or presence of mammary glands. In fact, the structure of the small pelvis and its organs plays an important role. We will consider them in more detail.
The anatomy of the female pelvis is represented by 4 main bone structures:
- two pelvic bones;
- sacral;
- coccygeal.
All together they are fused with muscles and play a very important role in the birth process. In general, not only a small, but also a large pelvis is distinguished. It is located immediately above the first. It is genetically laid down so that the female pelvis is wider than the male, but at the same time it consists of lighter andthin bones.
A small part has three main formations:
- login;
- cavity;
- exit.
The entrance is formed by the fusion of the iliac-sacral and pelvic-pubic bones, three sizes are distinguished in it. The pelvic cavity is formed by a wide and narrow part. It is in it that the main organs are located: the internal genitalia, the bladder and the rectum.
The exit of the pelvis is closed by a special muscle formation - the pelvic floor. It is this structure that contains the most important and functionally significant muscles, thanks to which the internal organs of the small pelvis are held inside without falling out. They are also the ones that matter when pushing the fetus out during childbirth.
This is how the small pelvis is arranged, which is the main structure in which the anatomy of a woman differs. Photos of him and internal organs can be seen below.
Female reproductive system
This includes several main structural parts:
- External genital organs (pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, hymen).
- Internal (vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries).
- Ligament apparatus.
This system is called reproductive because it is directly involved in the process of fertilization, gestation and development of the fetus and childbirth. Let's consider each component in more detail, revealing its purpose and structure.
External Genitals
Anatomy of a womanimplies, first of all, the presence of obvious external differences by gender. From the external genitalia, these include the mammary glands, and from the parts of the small pelvis - the following structures:
- Puboc. It is a triangular formation covered with hairs (at puberty), the basis of which is the bone structure. It has a powerful supply of adipose tissue for thermo- and heat regulation and protection from mechanical influences. Function: is a cover that protects the deeper external organs.
- Large labia. Skin folds, by their nature, consisting of subcutaneous fat. Front and back spliced with spikes. Between them there is a slit-like formation called the genital slit. In the same structure are the Bartholin glands, which secrete a special alkaline secret into the vagina. Outside, the organ is covered with hairs.
- Small labia. They are located inside large ones and, under normal conditions, are in contact with each other, making the genital gap closed. The function, like the previous ones, is protective.
- Clit. A small spherical organ consisting of a plexus of nerves and blood vessels and capillaries. Very sensitive, located in front of the labia majora and minor.
- The vestibule of the vagina. A structure that precedes the immediate entrance to the vagina. The ducts of the Bartholin glands also open here, and the urethra exits.
- The hymen is a thin film that protects the entrance to the vagina. It is a connective tissue organ. This is the structure thatenvisages as fickle anatomy of a woman. The internal and external organs are separated with its help only before the first sexual intercourse, after which the hymenal papillae remain in place of the hymen.
These are all the organs that are external in the genital apparatus of the female body.
Internal Genital Organs
There are few of them, but their importance cannot be overestimated. It is these structures that are designed for the formation and bearing of the fetus, the formation of female germ cells and the removal of the child outside.
- Uterus. We will consider this body separately.
- Vagina. This part is one of the main ones, which represents the anatomy of a woman. A muscular organ that has an elongated cylindrical shape (tube) up to 10 cm long. The walls are lined with stratified squamous epithelium, through which blood and lymphatic vessels supply mucus to the vagina. Thanks to this, the body always remains hydrated. It also has its own microflora, consisting of rod-shaped bacteria, cells and mucus. Normally, it is constantly updated, and the old one is removed in the form of secretions. They have an acid reaction of the environment, milky white, translucent color and a characteristic smell. Since the walls of the vagina are muscular, it is able to stretch and contract, which is necessary during the birth process. In the upper part of the tube, four arches of this organ are formed. The anterior part of the organ is adjacent to the bladder, and the posterior part to the rectum.
- Ovaries. A paired organ, which is an endocrine gland. Located on the sides of the uterus. Consists of medulla, connective tissue, permeated with blood and lymphatic vessels. The walls are lined with a cortical layer, a protein membrane and an outer epithelium. Inside the ovaries, the monthly formation of mature eggs occurs. They also produce specific hormones responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in the female. During pregnancy, the ovaries produce additional substances for special purposes.
In general, all the organs of the small pelvis are an important distinguishing feature that the anatomy of a woman has. Pictures, which are present in large numbers in various reference materials, reflect their structure and topography in sufficient detail and accurately.
Uterus
Muscular hollow triangular organ. Consists of three main parts:
- bottom of the uterus (lower part of the triangle, tapering at the base);
- isthmus;
- neck.
The anatomy of a woman considers the uterus as the most important organ for childbearing and bearing a fetus. The structure itself consists of several cell layers, these are: the mucous membrane, the middle muscular and internal serous, covering the uterus and separating it from the peritoneal part.
The cervix plays an important role in protecting the internal contents of the organ from harmful vaginal bacteria, as it is located at the junction of these two structures. It is represented by a small tube filled with mucus, which prevents the penetration of harmful substances and organisms.
The fallopian tubes are paired formations extending from the corners of the uterus. Formed by the same layers as the uterus. Their length is about 12 cm.
The ligamentous apparatus is a special structure that serves to support the uterus and ovaries. It consists of the following bundles:
- pair round;
- own ovarian ligaments;
- funnel;
- wide.
Together, these structures form a stable position of the uterus and ovaries.
Menstrual cycle
This process is a monthly recurring formation of follicles, which must be brought out along with blood and dead particles, cells and microorganisms.
This cycle is designed to prepare the female body for pregnancy and childbirth. Complex processes occur, accompanied by the production of special hormones.
Pregnancy
The anatomy of a pregnant woman changes significantly. After all, the fetus that develops in the uterus grows. This leads to pressure on all other internal organs and, as a result, entails a change in their location. The liver becomes almost vertical, orienting itself along the uterus. There is pressure on the rectum, which often causes constipation in a woman. The diaphragm rises and locks in this position, which gives a feeling of constriction and difficulty in breathing.
However, nature provides for all aspects of change, so such trends are considered the norm. The gestation period is 40 weeks. The process of childbirth is very complex, in which the baby passes through the birth canal head down. The duration varies depending on the individual characteristics of the female body.
