Man is the most complex living organism. Its organ systems are complex and optimized for survival on land. The brain and the entire nervous system allow a person to evaluate information about the environment in which he is adapted to life. All other systems are responsible for life and movement, which is an essential property of any animal.
Scientific approach
The science that studies the features of the morphological structure of the human body is called anatomy. It highlights the internal structure of a person and the external, general patterns of parameters of organs and parts of the body, development in the embryonic period. Pathological anatomy is the direction of this field of knowledge, which studies the structure of the body of an abnormal nature. Both of these sciences are very important for biology and practical medicine.
It is noteworthy that one of the methods of anatomy is the study of the structure of organs in a sectional study. Such measures have been implemented only for the last 150 years, since before that time the autopsy of people was almost never practiced and was considered a crime. Now an autopsythe corpse of the deceased is a necessary component of the development of medical science. This allows you to optimize diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.
The second science that provides a lot of information about the structure of human organs is histology. It studies the internal structure of a person at the micro level, that is, under a microscope. Cytology and immunochemistry are methods of studying cells.
Characteristic of morphology
The internal structure of the human body has many similarities with the anatomy of mammals. This is due to the fact that from the point of view of evolutionary theory, man is a mammal. It developed in parallel with other representatives of this class and has similarities with them in the structure of the body and in the cellular structure. In addition, even at the genetic level, humans and other mammals are very similar.
Body overview
In anatomy, the external and internal structure of a person does not stand out in different directions. There is only anthropometry and the doctrine of internal organs, nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, muscles and bones. The structure of the skin is considered in histology and neurology. The human structure itself is simple and easy to reproduce.
The elementary unit of living things in the body is a cell. The accumulation of cells with the same functions and structure is called a tissue. Several tissues form organs, which are combined into systems. Therefore, the body should be represented as organ systems, the functions of which are balanced.
Human organ systems
They form a whole organism and are responsible for the vital activity of the body. ATIn turn, organs are made up of tissues, and tissues are made up of cells of the same type. Moreover, the body consists of the following systems:
- musculoskeletal;
- digestive;
- respiratory;
- nervous;
- cardiovascular;
- urinary;
- sexual;
- integumentary;
- endocrine.
Studying the internal structure of the human body, one cannot single out the main and secondary systems. All of them are important in their own way, and, functioning together, provide the vital activity of the whole organism.
Structure of the musculoskeletal system
This organ system is responsible for movement and maintaining body position. It consists of the skeleton, ligaments and joints, muscles. Bone is a complex organ consisting of organic matter (proteins) and inorganic matter (hydroxyapatite). This is a living structure of the body, unable to move independently. Ligaments and joints are responsible for connecting bones. Also, some of them can be connected as a result of complete fusion. An example is the fusion of the pelvic bones (pubic, ischial, and ilium). This type of bone connection is called synostosis.
The active organ of the musculoskeletal system is the muscle. It has a fibrous structure. The muscle is covered with fascia and is attached to the bone by a tendon. Its contraction sets in motion the bones connected at the joints. These changes in the position of the bones allow the body to move. In this case, signals about movement are given by the brain and sent to the muscles along the nerves.
Digestive system
This is one of the most complex systems, which includes many organs. They are divided into parenchymal (liver and others) and hollow (entire intestinal tube). The whole system consists of the oral cavity with its organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large digestive glands and intestines.
The oral cavity is the initial section of the digestive tract. This is a hollow organ that serves to capture food and grind it with teeth, as well as for wetting with saliva. The pharynx and esophagus are pathways for partially processed food that must first enter the stomach.
The stomach is preparing for the complete breakdown of food, which must occur in the intestines. It begins with the duodenum, continues with the jejunum and ileum, and ends with the large intestine. In the duodenum, food must be completely processed by enzymes, and in the lean, all nutrients must be absorbed. Only that part of the food that a person cannot digest due to a lack of digestive enzymes enters the large intestine.
The most important role in digestion is played by the liver and pancreas. The latter secretes enzymes to break down food carbohydrates and proteins, while the liver is needed to secrete bile acids that can complete the emulsification of fats and activate pancreatic enzymes.
After the absorption of food components is completed, the food moves to the large intestine. Present hereoptional microflora needed for the breakdown of cellulose and pectin. Bacteria synthesize vitamins from these substances. In the large intestine, they are absorbed along with water (water-soluble) or directly penetrate the intestinal wall (fat-soluble). The digestive system ends with the rectum, through which all undigested food residues are removed.
Respiratory and cardiovascular systems
The internal structure of a person, the scheme of which is represented by tissues, organs and organ systems, cannot exist without blood circulation and respiration. These two systems are interconnected. Therefore, it is advisable to consider them together.
The respiratory system is formed by hollow organs: the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, tracheobronchial tree) and lungs. Each lung surrounds the pleura.
The functions of the respiratory system are to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide. Also, various parts of the respiratory tract play auxiliary roles: warming and moistening the incoming air. At the same time, the lungs are also involved in the regulation of the acid-base balance of the plasma (due to the removal of carbon dioxide).
The cardiovascular system performs a transport function, delivering hemoglobin-bound oxygen to the tissues. Nutrients also come with it: amino acids, fatty acids, glucose. The cardiovascular system is represented by the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, lymphatic vessels andknots.
Nervous and endocrine systems
The nervous system plays the role of a regulator of body functions. The internal structure of a person, whose photos give a visual representation of the structure of our body, cannot be considered separately from the nervous and humoral systems. They are just as important as the others. The nervous system is represented by the brain and spinal cord, nerve endings and nerves. These structures are responsible for almost all functions, giving "orders" to other organ systems.
The endocrine system also plays the role of a regulator of functions and biological processes. It is responsible for growth, reproduction, metabolism. The regulation of these processes occurs due to the release of hormones. The entire endocrine system is represented by separate glands, the control of which is carried out by the pituitary gland. It secretes vasopressin, oxytocin, tropic hormones and releasing factors. Vasopressin regulates the amount of fluid in the body, and oxytocin regulates uterine contractions during labor.
Pituitary tropic hormones are signals to other endocrine glands (thyroid and adrenal glands). Releasing factors are substances by which the function of the hypothalamus is regulated. The latter is the structure of the brain.
Urinary and reproductive systems
The urinary system is represented by the kidneys with the urinary tract (ureters, bladder, urethra). In men, it is inextricably linked with the genital organs (testes, seminalcord, seminal vesicles, prostate). In women, the functioning of both systems has fewer similarities. In their body, the urethra is not connected to the reproductive system, represented by the uterus, ovaries, vagina and labia.
The ovaries in women and the testes in men are glands that have two types of secretion: internal and exocrine. These are glands of mixed secretion involved in the formation of germ cells and the regulation of the functions of the reproductive system. At the same time, the structure of human internal organs, photos and diagrams of which are contained in this publication, is subject to the principles of sexual dimorphism. Their structure is different in men and women, although there are some similarities.
Integumentary system
The internal structure of the human body is a collection of organs that are deeper than the skin. The latter covers the body from the outside and regulates the temperature, protects against external damaging factors of a biological, mechanical and chemical nature. The skin completes the complete anatomical image of the human body.
Scheme of the structure of the body and its functioning
The structure of human internal organs, photos and diagrams of which are contained in anatomy manuals, is considered as a collection of cells combined into tissues. The latter form organs. At the same time, each of them participates in life in its own way. Although more important is the fact that all organ systems are interconnected. For example, the musculoskeletal system is responsible for movement and maintaining posture in space. However, her foodis carried out through the vascular system, protection is due to immunological processes, and muscles are set in motion by nerve impulses.
Considering the entire structure of a person, female internal organs, for example, or male, any researcher will find a lot of relationships. The most important of these is the regulation of the functions of respiration, digestion and circulation through the nervous system. The presence of a respiratory center allows the brain to autonomously regulate breathing and heartbeat.
In addition, the endocrine glands influence cardiac functions through adrenaline and norepinephrine. And only according to this principle is the internal structure of man organized. Photos and diagrams of some organs are attached in the thematic sections of the publication.
