Erofey Khabarov, whose brief biography will be discussed later, made a huge contribution to the expansion of the country. His fate and life were captured by the movement to the east of the state. Let us further consider how Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov lived, what this man discovered, what achievements he went down in history with.
Birthplace
Disputes about him have been going on for a long time. The main places of birth are called the village of Svyatitsa in the Votlozhma volost, the villages of Kurtsevo and Dmitrievo. The first is considered the most suitable option. The author of the theory that Erofey Khabarov was born in Dmitrievo was a scientist from Leningrad, Belov. He studied a lot of documents, on the basis of which he put forward a hypothesis. Considering the birthplace of the village of Dmitrievo (which now exists in the Nyuksensky district), the scientist did not take into account the fact that this settlement did not belong to the Votlozhemsky volost according to the previous administrative-territorial division.
Erofey Khabarov: short biography
The future entrepreneur and traveler was a peasant. Yerofey Khabarov (years of life and death 1603-1671) left his family and a fairly large farm and, following other quite prosperous and free cultivators of the Vologda region, hunters and fishermen of Primorye, Cossacks from the Don and Volga seeking adventure and we alth, headed for the Stone Belt. All these people sought to the taiga region to the rivers in Eastern Siberia. So, the Russian explorer Yerofei Khabarov arrived in 1628 to the Yenisei. Here he quickly mastered the territory, began to engage in the usual arable farming, and began trading. For some time Khabarov Erofey served in Yeniseisk. Having made a trip to Taimyr and Mangazeya, together with his brother Nikifor, he wanted to return to his family, near Veliky Ustyug. Instead, however, they headed back to Siberia. They followed the crowd of Ustyug and Vologda settlers. People were persecuted by the decree of the king, along with Dvina women. The latter were intended as wives for the Lena and Yenisei archers. Khabarov Yerofey did not develop arable farming in Siberia. But he was very lucky in trading. He soon became a we althy entrepreneur. After a rumor spread among the people about we alth on the banks of the Lena River, he gathered a detachment, received the necessary supplies from the treasury and headed to a new place.
Prison
During the first seven years Khabarov Erofei wandered along the tributaries of the river. Here he was engaged in fur trade. In 1639 he stopped at the mouth of Kuta. From the bottom of the lake, which was there, small s alt springs beat. Here Khabarov Yerofei settled down, sowed the plot, built wells and varnitsy. Simple technologyhe learned s alt making back in his homeland - in Totma, Ustyug and S alt Vychegodskaya. Soon trade in s alt, bread and other goods developed here. In the spring of 1641 Khabarov Yerofey moved to the mouth of the Kirenga. Here he also started a farm, which expanded quite quickly. Once he lent Golovin's detachment 3,000 poods of grain. However, the governor not only did not return what he had taken, but soon took away all the bread from Yerofey, handed over the s alt pan to the treasury, and threw Khabarov himself into prison. The entrepreneur managed to regain his freedom only by 1645. However, everything that the Russian researcher Yerofey Pavlovich Khabarov did was left in the past.
Trip to Dauria
In 1648, Frantsbekov replaced Golovin. Around the same time, Poyarkov's expedition to Dauria took place. However, contact with local residents was not very successful. Khabarov knew about it. In addition, he had information from various people about the morals and we alth of Dauria. Erofei Khabarov briefly presented the available information to Frantsbekov. He counted on the fact that the new governor would not miss the chance to get rich. This is how Erofey Khabarov's expedition to Dauria took place. He did not have his own funds, but the traveler already knew the morals of the chiefs quite well. Frantsbekov loaned state-owned weapons (including several cannons) and military equipment, as well as agricultural implements. From the personal funds of the governor (at interest), all participants in the campaign received money. To ensure movement along the river, Frantsbekov took the ships from the Yakut industrialists. The voivode also took from them enough breadin large numbers to supply the 70 Cossacks whom Khabarov gathered into the detachment.
Crossings
Khabarov, realizing that illegal extortion and extortion of the voivode can lead to confusion, in a short time held a training camp and left Yakutsk. In the autumn of 1649, his detachment was already moving up the Lena and Olekma rivers to the mouth of the Tungir. During the frosts, the expedition made a stop. In January 1650, the detachment moved to the sled and moved up the Tungir to the south. Having passed the spurs on the Olemkinsky Stanovik, in the spring people reached Urka. After a while, a railway station and a settlement (named after Erofei Khabarov) will be located here.
Development of territories
Daurs, having learned about the approach of the detachment, hastened to leave their settlements. So the Khabarovsk people entered the first well-fortified, but by that time already empty city of Prince Lavkay. Here the Cossacks saw large and bright log houses. There were several hundred of them. The wide windows of the houses were covered with oiled paper. Each of them could accommodate 50 or more people. There were also well-covered large pits. They had food supplies. The next point to which Yerofei Khabarov went was Amur. Along the way, the detachment entered the same empty towns and settlements. As a result, in one of the villages, the Cossacks found a woman. She was brought to Khabarov. She said that on the other side of the river there was a country much richer and larger than Dauria. It had an influential ruler who had an army with cannons and other weapons. The country the woman was talking about was Manchuria.
New trip
Khabarov left about 50 Cossacks in Levkavy Gorodok. In 1650, by the end of May, he returned to Yakutsk. Being on a campaign, Khabarovsk drew up a drawing of Dauria. This map and the report of his trip were subsequently forwarded to Moscow. The drawing of the territory became one of the key sources used to create maps of Siberia in the 17th century. In Yakutsk, Khabarov again announced recruitment to the detachment, speaking everywhere and everywhere about the untold riches of the Daurian land. As a result, 110 people joined him. Frantsbekov assigned 27 "service" people to them and supplied the detachment with three guns. By the autumn of 1650, Khabarov returned to the Amur.
Conquest campaigns
He found his detachment near the walls of the Albazin fortress. The Cossacks tried to storm it. Daurs, seeing a new detachment, rushed to run. But the Russians caught up with them, captured many prisoners. Khabarov made Albazin his base camp. From here, he attacked the Daurian villages located nearby, took prisoners. There were women among the hostages. The Cossacks distributed them among themselves.
Flotilla
In June 1651, voyages along the Amur began. At first, the Cossacks saw only small settlements abandoned and burned by the inhabitants. However, a few days later, Khabarov's flotilla approached the well-fortified city. Behind its walls, a whole Daurian garrison prepared for defense. Thanks to cannon fire, the Cossacks took the city. After being captured for several weeks, the detachment stood in the city. Khabarov sent messengers in all directions to convinceDaurian princes voluntarily come under the authority of the Russian Tsar and pay yasak. But the locals were at that time subjects of Manchuria. The Daurian princes saw no point in paying tribute to yet another ruler. The Khabarov flotilla, having captured the horses, moved on. The Cossacks again encountered uncompressed arable land and deserted villages. According to sources, in August, just below the mouth of the Zeya River, a Russian detachment occupied the fortress without resistance, surrounded the neighboring settlement and forced the local residents to recognize the citizenship of the king. Khabarov expected to receive a large tribute, but the captured were able to bring a few sables, promising that they would pay the yasak in full in the fall. At first glance, peaceful relations were established between the Cossacks and the Daurs. However, a few days later, local residents, along with their families, abandoned their homes and left. Khabarov, in response to this, burned the fortress and continued his march down the Amur. From the mouth of the Bureya began the territory inhabited by goguls. It was a people related to the Manchus. The settlements were scattered and the locals could not resist the Cossacks, who landed on the shore and robbed them. Plowed duchers were also quickly captured, who at one time exterminated part of the detachment that participated in Poyarkov's campaign. Khabarov's people were better armed and there were many more of them.
Nanai settlements
By the end of September, the party reached new territories and stopped at a larger settlement. Half of the Cossacks Khabarov sent for fish up the river. The Nanais, together with the duchers, took advantage of this and attacked the unitdetachment. However, the locals were defeated and, having lost more than a hundred people killed, retreated. Khabarov, in turn, having strengthened the settlement, stayed there for the winter. From there, the Cossacks raided local settlements and collected yasak. In the spring of 1652, they were attacked by a large (about 1000 people) Manchu detachment. But the attackers were defeated. Khabarov understood that with his small detachment he would not be able to capture the whole country. As soon as the river opened up, he left the guardhouse and headed against the current.
Squad split
In June, just above the mouth of the river. Sungari Khabarov met a Russian auxiliary detachment. But, despite this, he continued the retreat, because he learned that the Manchus had gathered a 6,000-strong army against him. In early August, Khabarov stopped at the mouth of the river. Zei. There, part of the detachment of "eager people" rebelled and, capturing three ships, fled. Moving along the Amur, they robbed and killed Nanais, Daurs and Duchers. So they sailed to the Gilak land and set up a prison for collecting yasak. However, Khabarov did not need rivals. In September, he reached this prison and fired at it. The rebellious people promised to surrender if they survived and their prey was not taken from them. Khabarov fulfilled this condition only partially. By his order, the traitors were severely beaten (some to death), and he kept the booty for himself.
Second wintering
Her Khabarov spent in Gilyatsky land. By the spring of 1653, he returned to the mouth of the Zeya, to Dauria. During the summer his Cossacks sailed up and downCupid, they collected yasak. Meanwhile, the left bank of the river was deserted. The authorities of Manchuria ordered the inhabitants to move to the right side. The Russian tsar by that time sent an army of 3 thousand people, commanded by Lobanov-Rostovsky. However, Zinoviev, the tsar's ambassador, arrived before the warriors. He brought Khabarova and other participants in the campaign awards. At the same time, Zinoviev removed the ataman from further leadership. When Khabarov objected, the ambassador beat him up and took him to Moscow. Along the way, Zinoviev took away everything he had.
After meeting with the king
Alexey Mikhailovich wished to see Khabarov. He gave him a good reception, ordering Zinoviev to return all the property to the ataman. The tsar granted Khabarov the title of "son of the boyars". The sovereign appointed him clerk of settlements in the territory from Lena to Ilim. In addition, Khabarov received several villages in Eastern Siberia. However, the king, knowing about the cruelty of the chieftain to the native population, forbade him to return to the developed lands. The Sovereign highly appreciated the contribution that Khabarov Yerofey Pavlovich made to the expansion of the country's territory - what this person discovered and mastered has been part of the state since that time. Over time, a huge region was formed in the Far East. Its administrative center is called Khabarovsk. In addition, it was said above about the railway station, which bears the name of this person. It should be said that this settlement exists today. In addition, several small villages and streets in various cities of the country were named after the ataman.
Burial place
It is not known for certain. howsources say that Khabarov spent his last years in Ust-Kirenga. Now it is called the city of Kirensk (in the Irkutsk region). Therefore, it was widely believed that the place of death of the ataman was there. But, according to other sources, Khabarov's grave was located in Bratsk prison (Bratsk, Irkutsk region).
Monument
It is installed in Khabarovsk (the administrative center of the region) on the station square. The sculpture, taken as the basis of the monument, was created by Milchin. The monument to Yerofei Khabarov was erected on May 29, 1958. The decision to create the monument was made five years before the 100th anniversary of the city. Work on the sculpture began in the 1950s. It was small in size and exhibited at the All-Union Art Exhibition. When the issue of a monument to Khabarov was being decided, it was this sculpture that was taken as the basis. As for the similarity, then there can be no talk of it. There are no images or even descriptions of Khabarov's appearance in the sources. Work on the monument continued until February 1958. At that time, plaster molds of individual elements of the monument began to be cast. By mid-March, molding was completed. The finished elements were sent to the suburbs (in Mytishchi) to an art foundry. The monument shows Khabarov climbing a rock. Peering into the Amur distance, he holds a scroll in his left hand, and with his right hand he supports the half of a fur coat that has slipped off his shoulder. On the front of the pedestal there is an inscription "To Yerofey Pavlovich Khabarov". Figure height - 4.5 m, total height withpedestal - 11.5. The construction of the monument was made 2 days before the centenary of the city.
