What is a particle in Russian? Previously, particles meant all service parts of speech. In the 19th century A. V. Dobiash, a representative of the Kharkov linguistic school, began to distinguish particles into a separate category, which was the beginning of a narrow approach to the issue of particles. V. V. Vinogradov also devoted his research to their research.
Indicative particles in Russian are included in the category of modal particles. To learn how to correctly identify examples of demonstrative particles in a sentence, it is not enough to learn this list, you must correctly determine the semantic relationships within a phrase or sentence.
Particle as a separate part of speech
In modern morphology, a particle is a service part of speech that carries an additional semantic, evaluative or emotional meaning of a word, phrase or sentence, and can also serve to form some forms of a word.
Particles themselves do not express lexical meaning, but they can be homonymous with some significant words.
Compare:
- She hasn't arrived yet (adverb yet). When else did shewill come? (still - particle)
- The summer was cold (was - verb). She went, but returned (it was - a particle).
The main difference between particles and prepositions and conjunctions is their inability to express grammatical relationships. They are related to the rest of the service words by immutability and the absence of a syntactic role (that is, they are not members of sentences). However, it is worth noting that the word "yes" as an affirmative particle, and the word "no" as a negative, no can become independent inseparable sentences. But at the same time, one should not confuse the particle "no" and the negative word "no", which is used in impersonal sentences. For example: "No, you just listen to how she sings!" (no - particle). "I don't have time" (no is a negative word). During parsing, a particle may be highlighted along with the main word on which it depends, or not at all.
Types of particles depending on their composition
According to their composition, particles are divided into simple and compound. Simple ones consist of one word (would, whether, same), and compound ones - from two (rarely more) words (that would be, nevertheless, hardly). Compounds, in turn, can be dissected, when it is possible to divide the particle in a sentence in other words.
- I wish I could go to Moscow.
- I wish I could go to Moscow.
And inseparable, when the separation of the particle in other words is impossible. Phraseological particles are also inseparable, thosecombinations of function words, the semantic connection between which has now lost its original meaning (no other way than, just look, whether it's the case and others).
Particle functions
In oral and written speech, particles perform the following expression functions:
- inducement, subjunctiveness, conventionality, desirability;
- subjective-modal characteristics and assessments;
- goal, interrogation, affirmation or negation;
- action or state depending on its course in time, its completeness or incompleteness, the result of its implementation.
Particle discharges
According to the functions performed, all particles are divided into categories:
- Shaping (let, yes, let's, and so on). Used to form the imperative and conditional mood (let him run, he would run).
- Negative (no water, no bread; doesn't bring, not at all funny).
- Expressing a sign (action, state) depending on its course in time, its completeness or incompleteness, the result of its implementation.
- Modal particles. Carry additional semantic connotations or express feelings.
Types of modal particles
The group of modal particles is quite extensive and can be divided into several types:
- Indicative particles (here, out).
- Interrogative particles(Is it, is it really).
- Clarifying particles (exactly).
- Excretory-limiting particles (only, just, just).
- Intensifying particles (even after all).
- Exclamation particles (like, what the, oh, right).
- Particles expressing doubt (hardly, hardly).
- Affirmative particles (exactly, yes, yes).
- Particles expressing softening to the demand (-ka).
Indicative particles
The discharge of a particular particle can only be determined in context, since many of them are homonymous. Therefore, it is necessary to know what values the particles of each category have. Indicative particles are those that point to objects, actions and phenomena of the surrounding reality, as well as link and demonstratively emphasize words. The most common examples of this type are: this, here, out, it, colloquial - in, some others. According to some studies, a postpositive particle also adjoins the indicative particles - also in combinations of the type: then, there, the same, in the same place, where it is combined with pronouns by the agglutination method. Examples of pointing particles: "Here is my house", "There is my garden", "What is this song playing?".
Some features of pointer particles
The specifics of the use of indicative particles can be considered on the example of an indicative particle - out. The fact is that in the process of using this particle in various contexts, there is a shift in emphasis from it. For example, in sentences:"There he goes" and "There it is", there is a clear intonation difference.
You can more clearly trace the relationship of the remaining particle digits with indexes in the table.
| Modal (express meanings and feelings) | pointer | this, out, here, here it is |
| clarifications | just, exactly, almost | |
| interrogative | whether, really, really | |
| exclamation marks | just what the, well, straight up | |
| excretory-restrictive | only, at least (would), only, only, just, just, just | |
| amplifiers | after all, only, after all, even | |
| affirmative | Yes, yes, exactly | |
| express doubts | hardly, hardly | |
| express relaxation of demand | -ka (go) | |
| Shaping | form the imperative mood |
yes, let's, let's, let, let Let there be light! |
| form conditional mood |
b, would I would like to ride. |
|
| Negative | ||
| Not | complete denial withused before a predicate | Mom didn't come. |
| partial negation when used before the rest of the sentence | It's not my mother who came. | |
| for statements in exclamatory and interrogative sentences | Who I haven't met! | |
| within stable combinations | almost, not at all, almost | |
| with double negation | Can't help but share this (=must share, will definitely share) | |
| neither | for strengthening when negated |
There are no songs or poems. Neither fish nor meat, neither this nor that. |
| to strengthen the statement in subordinate clauses with a concessive connotation | Wherever you go, remember home. | |
Particles are often used both in oral and written speech, so for their competent use you need to be able to determine their meaning and category. To practice this skill, you can look for examples of pointing particles or other digits in fiction when reading daily.
