Pronoun is one of the most important parts of speech in Russian. In its properties, it is very close to the noun, for which it is mainly used to replace, but at the same time, limiting the tasks of the pronoun only with this function is really stupid. The pronoun refers to a person without specifically naming him, it serves to connect sentences in the text, and in some cases even to reinforce certain statements. Versatile, right? That is why the case of pronouns in sentences is so important - one cannot be careless about such a multifunctional element.
Theoretical introduction
Of course, the case of pronouns, or rather, their declension, obeys almost the same rules as nouns (it was already mentioned above that these two parts of speech have a lot in common). Pronouns are characterized by the same six cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, instrumental and prepositional) as a noun.
By the way, when pronouns are in all cases except the nominative, we can say that the pronouns are in oblique cases. Of course, the features of declension also depend on the category of the pronoun. Some of them do not change in principle, in certain digits the changes concern only some individual pronouns. This is exactly what we will deal with. "Pronoun Cases" is the table we start with.
| Have cases | No cases |
|
Personal, reflexive, interrogative, relative, negative, indefinite, attributive, indicative |
Separate interrogative, relative and indicative. |
Personal pronouns
Starting with the basics: changing personal pronouns by case. Personal pronouns include the well-known I, you, he / she / it, we, you, they. All of them are declined by cases - just substitute the right question and get the form that we need.
"Case of pronouns" - a table relating only to the category of personal pronouns.
| I. p | I | You | He/she/it | We | You | They |
| R. p. | Me | You | His/her/his | Us | You | Their |
| B. p. | Me | You | His/her/his | Us | You | Their |
| D. p. | Me | You | To him/her/him | Us | You | Im |
| T. p. | Me | You | He/she/them | Nami | You | Imi |
| P. p. | About me | About you | About him/her/him | About us | About you | About them |
As can be seen from the table, in the oblique cases mentioned earlier, the pronouns of the third person, regardless of the number, receive an additional consonant "n". Fortunately, there are no other peculiarities: cases of personal pronouns are not difficult, right?
Reflexive Pronoun
Let's move on. This category includes a single pronoun self, which has neither number nor gender, but also retains the same form in all cases. Here, try to decline it - and you will see for yourself.
Possessive pronouns
The next category is associated with pronouns that express the belonging of an object to someone. This includes mine, yours,his/her, ours, yours, theirs. The pronoun forms of this category are presented in the following table:
| I. p | My | Your | His/her | Our | Your | Their |
| R. p. | My | Yours | His/her | Our | Your | Their |
| B. p. | My | Yours | His/her | Our | Your | Their |
| D. p. | To my | To yours | His/her | Our | Your | Their |
| T. p. | My | Your | His/her | Our | Yours | Their |
| P. p. | About my | About your | His/her | About our | About your | Their |
The table shows that in the third person the possessive pronouns do not change at all, while in the first and second you just need to replace a couple of letters at the beginning - the endings are the same.
By the way, one of the most common mistakes in modern Russian is associated with this category. Some invent such a pronoun as "theirs", and then they also try to decline it. So, be sure to remember that in the third person in the plural there never existed such a pronoun! Them, them, and only them!
Interrogative and relative pronouns
This bit is used to ask a question. And here the first difficulties begin. Pronouns what?, whose?, which? have gender, number, and case. For pronouns who?, what?, how much? the presence of only the case is characteristic, the rest of the categories are alien to it. And the only pronoun that completely breaks the system is what?: it does not have a case, but it changes by gender and number.
| I. p | What | Whose | Which | Who | What | How much |
| R. p. | What | Whose | who | Whom | What | How many |
| B. p. | What | Whose | Which | Whom | What | How many |
|
D. p. |
Which | Whose | To whom | To | What | How many |
| T. p. | How | Whose | Which | Who | Than | How many |
| P. p. | About what | Who | About whom | About whom | What | About how many |
The same can be said about relative pronouns. By and large, relative pronouns are the same interrogative ones, only without the question mark at the end of the sentence.
It should also be noted that in the pronoun how many, when declensed, the stress remains on the first syllable, and not on the last syllable, as most people think.
Negative and indefinite pronouns
We continue to study the change of pronouns by cases with a new category, where there are also certain nuances. Gender, number and case have only none, nobody, while nobody, nothing, nobody, nothing, at all, change only according to the last sign, without possessing the rest.
The forms of negative pronouns completely and completely coincide with interrogative-negative pronouns, with the only clarification - the addition of the prefix neither / not.
The same can be said about indefinite pronouns. Take a relative pronoun, add topostfixes to him - something, - either, - something and we get a new kind of pronouns: some, something. The declension forms remain the same, which undoubtedly greatly simplifies the work with this type of pronouns. In certain cases, you can add prefixes not / neither: some, something.
Definitive pronouns
Getting closer to the end. Next in line is a new category, all pronouns of which have gender, number and case. This includes himself, the most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, whole, all. Volumetric, of course, but not at all difficult. We bow further!
| I. p | Himself | Most | All | Everyone | Everything | Each | Any | Other | Other | Whole |
| R. p. | Himself | Himself | Total | Stuff | Stuff | Each | Any | Other | Other | Whole |
| B. p. | Himself | Himself | Total | Stuff | Stuff | Each | Any | Other | Other | Whole |
| D. p. | To Himself | To Himself | Everything | To everyone | Stuff | Everyone | Anyone | To another | Other | To the whole |
| T. p. | By Himself | The most | To everyone | Everyone | Everything | Everyone | Any | Other | Other | Whole |
| P. p. | About it | About it | Everything | About everyone | About everything | About everyone | About anyone | About other things | On other things | About the whole |
As you can see from the table, the conjugation of the pronouns itself, the most and everyone, everything is practically the same, but you should not rely heavily on memorizing the forms of pronouns in different cases, it is much easier to just figure out the rule, and then not experience any difficulties.
Demonstrative pronouns
The last of the categories pleases us again with nuances. The pronouns this, that-(that), such-(that) have a number and case, so much-(that) - only a case, but such, by analogy with which, does not want to change by cases at all, remaining in a single form.
| I. p | This | Tot | This | So many |
| R. p. | This | Togo | This | So many |
| B. p. | This | Togo | This | So many |
| D. p. | To this | To that | To this | So many |
| T. p. | This | Tem | So | So many |
| P. p. | About it | About it | About this | About so many |
And again, the similarity of pronouns that, that. The case of demonstrative pronouns, as you can see, is a completely elementary topic, where there is even nothing to memorize properly.
Nuances, where without them
Of course, there are some peculiarities of pronoun declension. For example, attentive people have long noticed that the case of pronouns is a topic very, very close to the case of adjectives: the endings are exactly the same. The only exceptions to this rule are all by yourself: in this situation, you still have to think a little.
Continuing the theme of the pronoun all, followsnote that it is the only one where there is a fluent vowel: all-everything-everything and so on - the root "e" simply drops out, not appearing later in any of the cases.
Moreover, some of the pronouns have the so-called archaic forms: everyone - everyone - everyone. They are considered short. And also the pronoun sam in the feminine in the accusative case (self) is actually considered a colloquial form, while the literary language would like to use the variant samoyo (by analogy, they also talk about tu-tuyo - from the pronoun ta). Researchers also define the form itself, with an emphasis on the penultimate letter, but it is already considered little used and almost forgotten.
