This article provides information about pronouns, their main types, declension and spelling rules, personal pronouns in indirect cases are considered separately.
A pronoun is a part of speech in the Russian language that refers to objects, features or persons, but does not name them. As a rule, it is used instead of nouns, adjectives, numerals and is the part of speech that helps the speaker better and without unnecessary repetition of the same word to present the speech to the listener.
What types of pronouns exist in Russian?
This independent part of speech is divided into several digits by meaning and grammatical features:
- personal pronouns refer to persons involved in speech (I, you, he);
- interrogatives are usually used in interrogative sentences (who, what?);
- possessive indicate the sign of the subject in relativity (mine, yours);
- returnable means that the action that is performed by someone is directed to the acting object itself (to itself);
- relative- the same as interrogative ones, but are used in subordinate clauses as allied words (who, to whom);
- negative pronouns refer to missing objects or signs (nobody, no one);
- defining parts of speech are a method of clarifying the subject being spoken about (everywhere, everywhere);
- indefinite names indefinite objects, attributes, etc. (someone, somewhere);
- indicative serve as a means of pointing to a certain kind of objects or signs (that one, that one).
Morphological characteristics of personal pronouns
This type of independent part of speech does not change by gender, but from the context you can determine who it is about: you wrote - you wrote.
| Unit h. | Mn. h. | |
| 1st l. | me | we |
| 2nd l. | you | you |
| 3rd l. | he, she | they |
This part of speech changes by case. The table shows that personal pronouns change in person and number. They in sentences, as a rule, play the role of a subject or an object. The main feature of declension is suppletivism, that is, not only the ending changes, but the whole word.
How do pronouns decline in Russian?
When changing by cases, these parts of speech change the whole stem.
R.p. me, us, you, you, him, her, them.
L.p.me, us, you, you, him, her, them.
V.p. me, us, you, you, him, her, them.
Etc. me, us, you, you, them, her(s), them.
P.p. about me, about us, about you, about you, about him, about her, about them.
When compared with the table of personal pronouns, the following conclusions can be drawn:
- part of speech of the first and second person has no gender;
- Third person pronouns lose their initial consonant when declensed (she - her).
How are pronouns spelled correctly?
Personal pronouns can be declined by case. Their characteristic feature is that if they come after prepositions, the letter n is added before them (around her, behind him, with them).
The letter n will not be after derivative prepositions (in spite of, like), which govern the dative case: like her. Examples of personal pronouns in indirect cases: like her, thanks to him.
Also, the letter n is not attached to the part of speech after adjectives in the comparative degree (it left after them).
Characteristics of personal pronouns in the oblique case
There are only five indirect cases. This is everything except the nominative. Features of the spelling of pronouns when changing by cases were discussed above. As you know, this part of speech is often used in order to avoid tautology.
Let's give sample sentences with personal pronouns inindirect cases:
- The whole world was talking about me, because I wrote a famous novel.
- We have always had three brothers: the elder, the younger and Vovka.
- – You were gone for exactly two hours, where have you been? my wife asked me.
- – We are very glad to see you! the students exclaimed.
- Masha thought about him several times a day.
- It was impossible to forget her: a beautiful voice and a magnificent camp drove everyone crazy.
- The whole country is proud of them! After all, they are veterans!
- They were given a lot of math assignments, they must complete them by all means.
- - Let me take you home! - said a passer-by to a girl walking by.
- There were a lot of people in front of us, so we decided to come here another time.
From the considered examples of personal pronouns in indirect cases, it is clear that they sometimes occur in a sentence not once, but several times. This aspect does not worsen the state of the text as a whole.
Personal pronouns in the oblique case in Russian and English
In both languages, these parts of speech are inflected. As in Russian, there are two types of declension in English: nominative and indirect. In the second there is an important point: the pronouns "you" and "you" sound and are written exactly the same - you. The translation depends on the context. Otherwise, there are no distinguishing features. So, I - I, you - you, you, he - he, she - she, it - it, we - we, they - they.
| Nominative | Indirect case |
| I | me |
| he | his |
| she | her |
| it | it |
| you | you |
| we | us |
| they | them |
Unlike Russian, English has only two cases, not five. Therefore, all pronouns in foreigners have the same form.
In sentences, personal pronouns in oblique cases of Russian, as well as foreign ones, are often used and can be used in several ways. For example:
- She sees them. - She sees them.
- Give us that pens. – Give us those pens.
- Tell her. – Tell her.
- He gives her a map. – He gives her a card.
When comparing two types of declension in English, one can also see suppletivism. The table above shows that only two forms of pronouns - you and it - match.
Thus, there is an insignificant part of speech in both Russian and English. A distinctive feature of personal pronouns in indirect cases is suppletivism, that is, the change of the stem completely and the reduction in the number of declensions.
