Learning the Russian language starts with the basics. They form the foundation of the structure. The components are the language units of the Russian language. These are such components of the linguistic system for which division within their own level is unacceptable. Next, we will analyze the concepts in more detail, define the classification. The article will also provide characteristics of the basic linguistic components.
Decomposability
What are the basics of the Russian language? There is a division in the structure into elements belonging to a lower rank. There is such a thing as a decomposability criterion. It determines whether the given language unit is divisible. According to the possibility of decomposability, all elements are divided into simple and complex. The former include indivisible units such as phonemes and morphemes. The second group includes those components that are decomposed into elements that are at the lowest level. The main language units are combined into different levels of the system.
Classification
Different language units are combined into two groups. The first determines the type of sound shells. For this categorythere are material types that have a permanent sound shell. In particular, they include such language units as a phoneme, a word, a morpheme, and even a sentence. There is also a relatively material type. It is a model for constructing phrases and sentences, which has a generalized common meaning. There is also such a thing as units of value. They cannot exist outside the material and relatively material species, as they are their semantic part. In addition, the material units of the language are further subdivided into one-sided and two-sided. The former have no meaning, they only help to create a sound shell. These include, for example, phonemes and syllables. But bilateral ones matter, which is why they are even ranked among the highest units of the language. These are words and sentences. Language levels are complex systems or are their components.
Russian language
By definition, this system is a collection of symbolic particles reproduced in sound form, which express the thoughts and feelings of a person. In addition, they are a means of communication and information transfer. Nina Davidovna Arutyunova, a Soviet and Russian linguist, considered language to be an important point in the evolution of culture and society. At the lowest level of the system is phonetics, that is, sounds. Above are morphemes, which are composed of elements of the previous level. Words are made up of morphemes, which, in turn, are formedsyntactic constructions. A linguistic unit is characterized not only by its location in a complex system. It also performs a specific function and has characteristic structural features.
Let's take a language unit, which is at the lowest level - a phoneme. The sound itself does not carry any semantic load. However, it, interacting with other elements that are on the same level with it, helps to distinguish between individual morphemes and words. Phonetic elements are syllables. However, due to the fact that their significance is not always sufficiently substantiated, some scientists are in no hurry to agree that the syllable is also a language unit.
Morpheme
Morphemes are considered the smallest units of a language that carry a semantic meaning. The most important part of the word is the root. After all, it is he who determines the meaning of words. But various suffixes, prefixes and endings only complement the meaning given by the root. All morphemes are divided into those that form words (word-forming), and those that create word forms (they are called grammatical). The Russian language is rich in such constructions. So, the word "reddish" is composed of three morphemes. The first is the root "red-", which determines the attribute of the object. The suffix "-ovat-" indicates that this feature is manifested to a small extent. And, finally, the ending "th" determines the gender, number and case of the noun agreed with this adjective. With the development of history and language, some morphemes gradually change. Such words,how "porch", "finger" and "capital" used to be divided into more parts. However, over time, these details merged into single roots. In addition, some morphemes used to have different meanings than they do now.
Word
This independent language unit is considered one of the most significant. It gives names to feelings, objects, actions and properties, is a component of the sentence. The latter can also consist of one word. Words are formed by a sound shell, that is, a phonetic feature, morphemes (morphological feature) and their meanings (semantic feature). In all languages, there are quite a few words that have several meanings. The Russian language abounds in such cases especially. So, the well-known word "table" denotes not only an interior item related to furniture, but also a menu of several dishes, as well as a component of the medical office environment.
All words are divided into several groups according to different criteria. The distribution according to grammatical features forms groups of parts of speech. Word-building connections create categories of words. By meaning, these elements are divided into synonyms, antonyms and thematic groups. History divides them into archaisms, neologisms and historicisms. From the point of view of the sphere of use, words are divided into professionalisms, jargon, dialectisms and terms. Taking into account the function of elements in the linguistic structure, phraseological units and compound terms and names are distinguished. The former, for example, include such expressions asas "boiling point" and "insert design". Examples for compound names are "White Sea" and "Ivan Vasilyevich".
Phrases and sentences
A language unit that is formed from words is called a phrase. This is a structure consisting of at least two elements connected in one of the following ways: by coordination, control or adjacency. In addition, words and phrases formed by them are components of sentences. But the phrase is also one step lower than the sentence. In this case, the syntactic level on the language ladder is created by combining all the structural elements. An important characteristic of a sentence is intonation. It shows the completeness or incompleteness of the design. She gives it the appearance of a question or order, and also adds emotional coloring with an exclamation.
"Emic" and "ethical" units of language
Material units of a language can exist in the form of several variants or in the form of an abstract set of variants, called an invariant. The former are denoted by ethical terms such as allophones, allomorphs, backgrounds, and morphs. To characterize the latter, there are phonemes and morphemes. Units of speech are made up of language particles. These include phrases and sentences, compound words, morphemes and phonemes. These terms were introduced by Pike, an American linguist.
Characteristics of linguisticitems
There are many directions in science, each of which has a different perception and description of language units. However, regardless of which variant to refer to, it is always possible to identify common features and features of language units. For example, a phoneme is considered a class of sounds that are similar in terms of phonetics. At the same time, some scientists believe that the main feature of these elements is that without them it is impossible to determine words and their forms. Morphemes are linguistic units that do not differ in syntactic independence. Words, on the other hand, are independent. They are also components of sentences. All these characteristics are common not only for different points of view. They are suitable for absolutely all languages.
Relationships between structure elements
There are several types of relations between units of language and speech. The first type is called paradigmatic. This type denotes a contrast between units that are on the same level. In syntagmatic relations, particles of the same rank are combined with each other during the process of speech, or else forming elements of a higher level. Hierarchical relations are determined by the degree of complexity of the unit, when the lower levels are included in the higher ones.
