Grammar analysis of a sentence in Russian: examples

2024 Author: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:14

An offer contains information, asks about it, or directs to action. Most often it has a basis and secondary members describing it. To assimilate or refresh the memory of a topic, it is useful to study examples of grammatical parsing of a sentence in Russian.

Grammar basis in sentence parsing

The basis is quite logical in application. It consists of a subject, which directly names a thing or phenomenon, and a predicate - an action performed or directed at an object.

The subject is always used in the initial form (nominative), but can be not only a noun. It could be:

• numeral - to indicate quantity, set, number (there were three in the queue; four was the best estimate for him);
• personal pronoun (he quietly walked down the corridor; we left the classroom);
• indefinite pronoun (someone was sitting in the room; something bothered me);
• negative pronoun (no one could stop them);
• adjective in the meaning of a noun (responsible was appointed by the management; the duty officer kept order).

In the grammatical analysis of a sentence, the subject is usually underlined, and the predicate is double underlined.

The predicate is most often a verb, but has several forms:

• simple verb, expressed by the verb in any mood (the dog ran down the alley; the student gets up early);
• compound verb, consisting of an auxiliary verb (modal word) and an infinitive (she started running in the morning; I have to go to work);

Sentence completeness

Based on the composition of the stem, sentences are two-part, where both main members are present, or one is implied (incomplete) (the night has come; where is he (omitted "located")?), and one-part. The latter are:

• definitely personal, in which the person of the verb makes it clear who it is about (doing my best (I); going for a walk (we));
• indefinitely personal, expressed by the past tense verb in the plural (a floor below made a noise; somewhere in the distance they sang);
• generalized-personal, which attribute the action to everyone (often found in proverbs and sayings) (if you want to eat a fish, you need to climb into the water; you go and admire the view);
• impersonal,implying no object (it got dark; he was very sorry; it was cold in the room).

Minor but no less important

To give detailed information, the object and action are supported by third-party words and constructions. They are:

• addition - an object, the word for which can be in any case, most often a noun or pronoun (the owner is training the dog; you asked your sister to stand up (highlighted by a dotted line));
• definition - a description or characteristic of the named object, expressed by everything that can answer "what?" and “whose” as an adjective, participle, or possessive pronoun (there was a thick book on the shelf; it was my mother’s book (highlighted by a wavy line));
• circumstance - a sentence member used to describe verbs, answers the questions "how / how?", "when / since when?", "where / where / where?", "why / why?" and most often expressed by nouns with a preposition, adverbs and participles (today there will be a meeting; we are going slowly; a friend was sleeping on the couch (highlighted by a dot-dotted line)).

• 

When parsing a sentence, they must also be taken into account. If there are secondary members, the proposal is considered widespread, respectively, without them - non-common.

Complicated sentences are not difficult at all

Various plug-in components complement the offer, increasing the amount of information. They are embedded between the mainand secondary members, but are already defined as a separate part, which goes as a separate paragraph in the grammatical analysis of the sentence. These components can be removed or replaced without losing the meaning of the text. Among them:

• separate adjectives applicable to an object member (describe a property, stand out as a definition) are participial phrases (a teapot that was warming on the stove whistled sharply; the road led to a house standing in the forest);
• isolated circumstances (distinguished as a circumstance) are adverbial phrases (he ran, stumbling over stones; looking cautiously, the dog held out its paw);
• homogeneous members of a sentence - perform the same function and always ask the same question (books, notebooks, notes (homogeneous subject) were scattered on the floor (what?); on weekends we only (what did we do?) slept and walked (homogeneous predicate); he looked at (who?) mother and sister (homogeneous addition));
• appeal to someone, which is always separated by a comma and is an independent member of the sentence (my son, you did the right thing; You, Andrei, misunderstood me);
• introductory words (probably, maybe, finally, etc.) (I must have got excited; tomorrow, most likely, it will be hot).

How to parse a sentence considering all the components?

For parsing, a clear algorithm has been created that does not cause difficulties if you know all the above constructions and components of the sentence. Among them, simple and complex ones stand out - the order of analysis is slightly different for them. Further providedgrammar analysis of sentences with examples for individual cases.

Simple sentence

In early autumn, covered with a golden carpet, city alleys whimsically shimmer.

1. Define main members. The basis should be the same, as in this example: alleys - the subject, shimmer - the predicate.

2. Highlight secondary terms: (when?) in early autumn - circumstance, (what?) covered with a golden carpet - a separate definition, (how?) bizarre - circumstance, (what?) city - definition.

3. Identify parts of speech:

In^pr. early^n.autumn^n. covered with ^p. golden^adj. carpet^n., whimsical^nar.shimmer ^ch. urban^adj. alleys^n.

4. Describe signs:

• purpose of statement (declarative, imperative, interrogative);
• intonation (exclamatory, non-exclamatory);
• on the basis (two-part, one-part - specify which one);
• fullness (complete, incomplete)
• by the presence of secondary (common, non-common);
• complicated (if so, how) or not complicated;

Characteristics of this example: narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, full, common, complicated by a separate definition.

This is what a full sentence parsing looks like.

Complex sentence

Because complexthe sentence includes two or more simple ones, it is quite logical to parse them separately, but the parsing algorithm is still different. The grammatical analysis of a sentence in Russian is ambiguous. Compound sentences in connection with simple ones are:

• , and the platform shuddered);
• complex, where simple ones are connected by a question, complement each other, do not fall out of context and are connected by subordinating conjunctions (when, where, how, therefore, etc.) (when the frosts began, the windows had to be sealed; I stood exactly where the battle once took place).

An example of parsing a compound sentence

In the family, regardless of age, everyone was very busy, but on weekends everyone gathered together at one big table.

1. All the basics stand out. There are several of them in a complex sentence: each - the subject, was busy - a compound nominal predicate; everything is the subject, they were going to be the predicate.
2. Identify parts of speech.

In^ex.family^n., whatever^adv. from ^ex. age^n., each^pronoun. was^ch. very ^ad busy^app but^s. to^ex.holidays^app. all^pronoun. gathered^ch. for^{ex. large}adj. ^table su sch.

1. Detect the presence of a union. Here - "but". So the proposal is allied.
2. You can characterize by the position of simple ones if there is a union (paragraph 2). This example is a compound sentence, the simple ones are equivalent in it (that is, if you wish, you can divide it into two independent ones). In the case of non-union, this item is not indicated.
3. Make a general description: narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, allied, compound.
4. Parse simple inside separately:

• in the family, regardless of age, everyone was very busy (narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, full, common, complicated by a separate definition of "regardless of age")a
• at the weekend everyone gathered at a big table (narrative, unexcused, simple, two-part, full, distributive, non-consecutive)

Complex sentence

The algorithm will be similar, only with the indication of the subordinating union. It is part of a subordinate clause. You also need to highlight the main thing (square brackets) and find out how the subordinate clauses (round brackets) are “attached” to it.

This is a kind of submission, not a mandatory item, but also often taken into account.

The main thing to remember is that parsing and parsing are synonymous. The meeting of one of the words in the task should not be scary, since the topic is enoughgeneral and easily digestible. For foreigners, it is difficult because of the great variability, but that's what makes the Russian language beautiful.