History 2025, February

The Bolshevik leader wrote the letter more than in one sitting. From December 23 to December 26, 1922, he worked on the main theses, and on January 4 of the following year he added more. Attention is drawn to the repeated desire to increase the composition of the Central Committee to 50-100 members. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

German economists-philosophers occupy a special place in world economic theory. One of the remarkable people of his time was Karl Kautsky. His works had much in common with the works of K. Marx, but had a number of special features that made the views of this German philosopher unique in their own way. And at present, right-wing socialist leaders in their books use the ideas voiced by Karl Kautsky. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Elena Denisova (Ukrashenok) is a talented actress who is destined to remain the star of one role. The audience will forever remember the beauty as the extravagant typist Virginia from the famous painting “Look for a Woman”. Elena created an image that did not correspond to the ideas of a Soviet woman, for which she was excommunicated from the cinema. What happened to Virginia?. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

North and South Korea on the world map are located on the same peninsula. Despite this, the countries represent two parallel realities. On one side of the barbed wire is one of the most prosperous and developed economies in the world, on the other is poverty, tyranny and desperation. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Ancient myths of Rome - one of the cultural heritage of past centuries. Their heroes were not only gods, but also Roman citizens who did a lot for the prosperity of their state. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The campaign of Ivan the Terrible against Novgorod took place in 1569-1570. It was essentially a punitive operation, which was personally led by the king, when he found out that the city's nobility might not be faithful to him. The performance was accompanied by massacres, became one of the bloodiest pages in the history of the reign of this sovereign. This article will discuss the reasons for the campaign, its events and results. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Colonel Pavel Karyagin lived in 1752-1807. He became a real hero of the Caucasian and Persian wars. The Persian campaign of Colonel Karyagin is called "300 Spartans". As chief of the 17th Jaeger Regiment, he led 500 Russians against 40,000 Persians. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Nefertiti was an Egyptian queen who lived 3,000 years ago. And she managed to leave such a mark on humanity that until now it is interested in her personality. In particular, many are concerned about what Nefertiti looked like with her legendary beauty. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Marshal of France is the highest military rank and is considered the oldest military rank in Europe. It is very honorable. He is treated with due respect. In this article we will talk about this military rank, as well as about its brightest representatives. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

During their centuries-old history, the Romans created the most advanced weapons in antiquity, distinguished by durability, reliability and high combat qualities. The protective equipment of the legionnaire was quite simple to use, did not hamper the movements of the fighter on the battlefield, although they required a lot of physical strength. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Many in computer games or when watching movies have come across such a term as "berserk" or "berserker". The meaning of this word is not clear to everyone. In this regard, the question arises: what is a "berserk"? Where did this word come from, its meanings and features will be discussed further. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Education in the Russian Empire was fundamentally different from the system that existed during the Soviet Union, especially from the current situation. In pre-revolutionary Russia, it was based on borrowing regulations from various European universities. This article will focus on the history of domestic education and the existing types of educational institutions. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Decembrist uprising of 1825 was an attempted coup. It was undertaken in St. Petersburg, at that time the capital of the Russian Empire. More details about who they are - the Decembrists and the events on Senate Square will be discussed below. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Legend of the USSR and Stalin's favorite people's commissar Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan began his political career during Lenin's lifetime, and resigned only under Brezhnev. It was Mikoyan who brought the recipe for the most delicious ice cream to the country and came up with the “Soviet Champagne”. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Southern Bessarabia in Romanian historiography is known as the Cahul-Izmail-Bolgrad strip (Rom. Districtul Cahul, Bolgrad și Ismail) - a land area that occupied the southern and eastern parts of the historical-geographical region of Budzhak in the southern part of Bessarabia. As a result of the Crimean War, this territory was transferred to the Moldavian Principality in 1856. As a result of the union of the latter with Wallachia, these lands became part of vassal Romania. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Soviet soldiers in Afghanistan first appeared in December 1979. It was then that the military leaders of the USSR made an official decision to send troops to this Asian country in order to support a friendly political regime. Initially, it was stated that the troops plan to stay on this land for no more than one year. But the plan failed. Everything turned into a protracted war with numerous losses. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The period from 1985 to 1991 was decisive in the fate of the Soviet Union. The country's leadership made several landmark decisions that affected its subsequent development. The influence of Western politicians who pursued their interests also played a huge role here. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The variety of corporal punishment has shocked since ancient times with its inhumanity and cruelty. What they didn’t do with the prisoners in order to get the truth from them: they broke their ribs, quartered them, raised them on the rack. Torture in Russia was very sophisticated. Even the West lured the Slavic experience in ways of savage torment. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Adolf Thiers connected his life with the history of France. In addition to his political activities, he left his mark on historical science. His great merit was the ability to get along with different people, to reconcile differences between them. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

If many people have heard about ancient Egyptian writing today, then Mayan hieroglyphs are a much less known topic for the inhabitants of our time. Those who are versed in this area recognize that the writing of the ancient American tribes is in no way inferior in interest to the ancient Egyptian, and deserves no less attention. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Dmitry Tolstoy is a statesman who held high positions under the three emperors of Russia: Nicholas I, Alexander II and Alexander III. An opponent of the reforming activities of Alexander II, he conscientiously fulfilled the duties assigned to him, but resigned, feeling the disapproval of the sovereign. Summoned by the next emperor, Alexander III, he inquired: “Does it please the sovereign to see in his service an opponent of the reforms of your predecessor?”. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Even at the dawn of civilization, the necessary information was obtained through painful torture. One of the most sophisticated is torture with drops of water. But what's wrong with that? After all, the water just drips on the head. After reading the article, you will be surprised how ordinary drops drove people crazy in the Middle Ages. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

An interesting story of a talented aircraft designer. The reasons for his detention and the conditions in which the great engineer created his aircraft, bringing the Soviet Air Force to a new level. The Soviet inventor became the first person in the world to invent a flying boat, which was adopted by other countries. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

A very important point in the image of teenagers and youth of the Soviet Union was the presence of portable devices. Tape recorders were considered the main accessory in the company. Arranging impromptu auto-parties or just listening to popular music in the courtyard of multi-storey buildings was possible only if there was a power source. There were several types of batteries. They differed from each other in the manufacturer and appearance. The principle of operation of the receivers and the set of functions were identical. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Great Patriotic War and World War II are events that took place at the same time, on a certain territory against one enemy, fascism. The Patriotic War, being part of the world war, was fought in its average time period. The beginning of hostilities was the clash of interests of the great powers. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

To many today it may seem surprising, but foreign cars existed in the USSR, although they were, of course, a rarity. Those who possessed them belonged exclusively to the upper class. It is worth noting that even the possession of an ordinary car was considered prestigious, because for a long time the state relied on the development of industry, therefore it produced mainly heavy equipment. The passenger car industry developed exclusively according to the residual principle. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Yasak (Mong. zasag "power"; Tat. yasak - natural tax, Bashk. Yaһаҡ "submit, tax") - in Russia XV - early XX centuries. tax in kind from the peoples of Siberia and the North, mainly furs. Until the beginning of the XVIII century. was also levied from the peoples of the Volga region. The word "yasak" came into the Russian language from the time of the conquest and development of Siberia, and the creation of a system of Siberian prisons and winter quarters, which served as a place for collecting yasak. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

During World War II, many Russian pilots risked their lives and sacrificed them for the good of their homeland. In this galaxy, one cannot fail to note the hero of the country, A. F. Klubov. He grew up in peasant beggarly conditions. In his youth, he became interested in aviation and reached the professional status of a fighter pilot. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

What do we know about the history of our civilization? In fact, not much: the last 2000 years are described in relatively detail, but not always reliably. One gets the impression that the historical facts were adjusted to a certain scenario, but this was not always done carefully, so here and there contradictions are found. For example, the origin and death of the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa raises many questions. There are several versions of the answers, but they all require convincing evidence. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Duke of Berry's Magnificent Book of Hours is the most famous and perhaps the best surviving example of French Gothic manuscript decoration, being the best example of the late phase of Gothic development. This is a book of hours - a collection of prayers recited during the canonical hours. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The ancient Romans had a very rich mythology, and although they received most of it from their neighbors and predecessors - the Greeks, it still determined the rich history of the Roman people. Over the course of about twelve centuries of ancient Roman civilization, religion gradually developed out of homegrown pantheistic animism. Over time, new names of the gods of Roman mythology appeared. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The history of the Arab Emirates has long roots. The appearance of people in the territory of the present UAE was associated with the appearance of the first people who left Africa, approximately 125,000 BC. e., as it became known thanks to the finds at the archaeological site of Faya-1 in Mleikh, Sharjah.. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Sanhedrin is a Greek word that literally means “joint meeting”, “meeting”. In fact, this is a board of senior officials who meet to resolve administrative issues. Among the ancient Jews, the Sanhedrin is the highest religious body, as well as the highest city court. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The article tells about Nikita Fyodorovich Karatsup, who became a legend of the Russian border troops and for several decades was the idol of the Soviet people. A brief overview of events related to his life and work is given. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

This article is about the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC). Here you can learn about the creation of the committee, its activities during the October Revolution and a lot of other useful information. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The introduction of universal military service in Russia took place in 1874. Its initiator was Tsar Alexander II, who thus hoped to improve the combat readiness of the army. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Shortly before the capture of Moscow by Napoleon in 1812, peace reigned in most of Europe. But France was making rapid preparations for war. Thousands of soldiers entered the service, various corps were formed. At the same time, the French emperor made it clear that he did not want a new war. Why did Napoleon go to Moscow?. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Heinrich I de Guise showed himself to be a zealous enemy of the Protestant faith in France in the second half of the 16th century. For the scar on his face, received in the fight against the Huguenots, he was nicknamed Marked or Chopped. Under such names, the Duke of Guise, an active participant and inspirer of the events of St. Bartholomew's Night, remained a staunch Catholic until his last breath, and entered the history of France. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

For the Slavs, the ancient myths of China are something complicated and incomprehensible. Their idea of the world, spirits and deities is very different from ours, which leads to some dissonance when reading them. However, if you delve a little into their structure, realize everything that is happening, then a completely new picture of the universe will open before your eyes, filled with amazing stories and discoveries. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Maria Theresa was born on May 13, 1717 in Vienna. Maria grew up in a loving family. Naturally, she was prepared for the role she was to play in life. The young Archduchess of Austria was educated, so to speak, of a masculine nature. She participated in the meetings of the State Council from the age of 14. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01