Under the multi-level education at school is understood a special pedagogical technology for organizing the process of mastering the material. The need for its introduction is due to the problem of overloading children, which occurs due to the large amount of educational information. It is simply impossible to educate all schoolchildren in such a situation at the same, highest level. And for many students, this often becomes unattainable, which provokes the emergence of a negative attitude towards the lessons.
Technology of multi-level education is carried out not at all by reducing the amount of information being studied. Its use helps to orient children to various requirements for mastering the material.
Introduction of educational technologies
Modern society, as you know, does not stand still. It is rapidly developing, developing and implementing various innovative technologies in a wide variety of areas of human activity. Education does not lag behind this process. There is also an active introduction of the latest technologies. One of them is a multi-level development schemematerial.
Technologies in education are understood as such strategies of the learning process that will require school students not only to acquire certain knowledge, but also to have the skills to obtain it. And this, in turn, implies a specific methodological load of the entire educational process.
Technologies in the modern school mean such learning practices that are not included in the traditional process of mastering the material. Simply put, this term means methodological innovations in pedagogy. It is worth noting that today they are becoming more widespread in the education system.
The main goal of technologies in the educational process, introduced in the modern school, is to implement the creative and cognitive activity of children. At the same time, such systems allow not only to improve the quality of education, but also to most effectively use the time allotted for the educational process, as well as reduce the percentage of reproductive activity by reducing the time allotted for homework.
At its core, educational technology is changing the way and nature of learning. They contribute to the development of the mental potential of students, while shaping the personality. At the same time, the process of education takes place with completely different positions of the student and teacher, who become its equal participants.
The need for multi-level education of schoolchildren
The main goal of basic education ismoral and intellectual development of the personality. This is what gave rise to the need to create a higher quality education system, focused on the personality of the child, his self-worth and originality. Such technologies involve the development of school subjects, taking into account the individual characteristics of each student. That is, they use a differentiated approach to each child, taking into account his specific skills, knowledge and skills. At the same time, assessments are used that not only establish the level that characterizes the success of education, but also have an educational impact on children, which stimulates their activity.
Technology of multi-level education is quite progressive. After all, it provides a chance for every student to develop their potential opportunities.
Types of differentiation
Technology of multi-level learning can be internal or external. The first of them is understood as such an organization of the educational process, when the individual abilities of children are revealed directly in the lesson. To do this, within the class, students are divided into groups, as a rule, according to the speed and ease of mastering the subject.
Technology of multi-level education of appearance implies such an organization of the educational process, when schoolchildren are united according to their ability (or inability), according to interests or according to the projected professional activity. These are the main criteria for selecting students in the technology of multi-level education. As a rule, childrenare distributed into classes in which an in-depth study of a particular subject is carried out, profile training or extracurricular activities are conducted.
Each of the selected categories of students, according to the technology of multi-level education, must master the necessary material in accordance with:
- With minimum government standards.
- With base level.
- With a creative (variable) approach.
Pedagogical interaction of a teacher with students of the school is based on the conceptual premises of TRO, namely:
- universal talent - there are no mediocre people, just some are not doing their job;
- mutual superiority - if someone does something worse than others, then something must turn out better for him, and this something must be found;
- the inevitability of change - any opinion about a person cannot be final.
Multilevel learning is a technology based on certain principles and rules. Let's take a closer look at them.
Development of every student
The use of multi-level learning technology is impossible without observing this principle, which adheres to the following rules:
- The minimum level should only be considered as a starting point. At the same time, the teacher is obliged to stimulate the need of his pupils to achieve great heights in mastering the subject.
- Using multi-level tasks, it is necessary to maintain an individual pace to move towards obtainingthe maximum amount of knowledge.
- Students should be able to choose more difficult tasks for themselves, as well as move to other groups.
Student awareness of the learning process
This principle is also implemented by the teacher through certain rules. Based on them, each student should:
- understand and comprehend your own capabilities, that is, the real level of knowledge;
- plan and predict further work with the help of a teacher;
- to master various ways of activity and general school skills, as well as skills;
- track the results of your activities.
If the rules described above are observed, the student gradually begins to switch to self-development mode.
Universal talent and mutual superiority
This principle implies:
- recognition of the possibility of individuality in the development of various abilities and personality traits, its giftedness, on the basis of which students and teachers need to choose the area of educational activity where the student can achieve the highest level of acquired knowledge, exceeding the results of other children;
- determine the degree of learning not in general, but only in relation to certain subjects;
- advancement of the student in learning when comparing the results achieved by him with the previous ones.
Conducting psychological and pedagogical operational monitoring
The application of this principle requires:
- comprehensive diagnosticsexisting personality traits, which will later become the basis for the initial division of children into groups;
- constant control over changes in these properties, as well as their ratio, which will identify trends in the development of the child and correct the pedagogical approach to learning.
Levels characterizing the assimilation of material
Effectiveness of the implementation of the basic principles and rules of the TRO is assessed by the amount of acquired knowledge. This is the level of their receipt. As a rule, three of them are used in differentiated multi-level training. And this is no coincidence. After all, the “satisfactory” rating indicates that the results obtained during training correspond to the minimum requirements that society imposes on the social and educational sphere.
This level can be called the starting level. However, everyone would like children to receive at least fours for their knowledge. This level can be considered basic. If the student is capable, then in the study of the subject he could advance much further than his classmates. In this case, the teacher will give him an “excellent” grade. This level is already considered advanced. Let's characterize them in more detail.
- Starting. It is the very first of all levels of assimilation of educational material and characterizes knowledge in terms of the theoretical essence of the subject and in terms of basic information about it. The first level is that fundamental and important, but at the same time simple, which is available in every topic. Such knowledge corresponds to the mandatory minimum, which inat school age provides the child with a continuous logic of presentation and creates, although incomplete, but still a whole picture of ideas.
- Basic. This is the second level, which expands the material, which is minimal at starting rates. Basic knowledge concretizes and illustrates the basic concepts and skills. At the same time, school-age children are able to realize the functioning of concepts and their application. The child, having studied the subject at a basic level, increases the amount of information received by him, which allows a much deeper understanding of the necessary material and makes the overall picture more complete. At the same time, at the lesson of the technology of multi-level education, such a student should be ready to solve the problem situation and show deep knowledge in the system of concepts that do not go beyond the course.
- Creative. This level can only be reached by a capable student who has significantly delved into the material on the subject and gives its rationale. Such a student sees prospects for the creative application of the acquired knowledge. The pedagogical techniques used at the same time make it possible to assess the student's ability to solve problems not only within the framework of this, but also related courses, by independently determining the goal and selecting the most effective program of action.
Learning diagnostics
What can be attributed to this concept? Under the diagnosis of learning understand the general susceptibility to learning. To date, it has been proven that this criterion does not at all boil down to the mental development of the student. This is a multicomponent property of personality, whichincludes:
- Readiness and susceptibility to mental work. This is possible with the development of such characteristics of thinking: independence and strength, flexibility and generalization, economy, and so on.
- Thesaurus, or fund of existing knowledge.
- The pace of learning or advancement in learning.
- Motivation for learning, which is expressed in cognitive activity, inclination and existing interests.
- Stamina and performance.
Specialists are of the unequivocal opinion that the definition of learning can be obtained with a comprehensive diagnosis carried out jointly by teachers and representatives of the psychological service of the school. But teachers-researchers offer simpler methods. With the help of these methods, it is possible to carry out the initial diagnosis. What is it?
The teacher gives a task to the class, and when 3 or 4 students complete it, collects notes. If the student coped with all the tasks, then this indicates his very high, third level of learning. Completion of two or less tasks corresponds to the first level.
Such a diagnosis is carried out on a specific subject. Moreover, several teachers should do this at once, which will allow you to get the most objective results.
Organization of multi-level education
During the lesson on TPO, it is necessary to use certain pedagogical techniques. They allow you to organize the differentiation of the work of children in the lesson, based on the following:
- Purposefulness. It implies that the goal always goes to the student, and not away from him. At the same time, the main tasks that need to be solved in the lesson are written separately for each of the three levels. The teacher formulates a specific goal through the results obtained by the student during educational activities, that is, what he can understand and know, be able to describe, perform and use, evaluate and offer.
- Content. The topic of the lesson should be delimited based on the levels of assimilation of information by students. This will be consistent with the goals that were set earlier. It is necessary that one level differs from another by the depth of the material presented in the lesson, and not by the inclusion of new sections and topics in it. The teacher prepares a lesson consisting of four stages, including a survey and presentation of a new topic, and then consolidation and control. Acquaintance with the new in the application of SRW is carried out only at the second, basic level. The remaining stages are carried out by the teacher at all three levels of mastering knowledge.
- Organization of activities. When presenting new material, the teacher places special emphasis on the volume that is necessary for the first level, which is minimal. And only after that, the topic is consolidated with the performance of frontal independent work, where students have the right to a partial choice of tasks according to their complexity.
After that, the teacher reinforces the material presented in the form of a dialogue. To do this, he attracts students from the second and third groups. They review assignments with level 1 students. By this teacherachieves unconditional mastery of the topic and stimulates the transition of children to the highest level of knowledge.
The combination of individual, group and collective work in the lesson allows, on the basis of the first stage of learning, to solve issues of subsequent levels. To do this, the teacher uses such types and forms of organizing classes as work in dialogue mode or in groups, individual extracurricular activities and modular training, counseling, assistance during the lesson, as well as assessment of knowledge based on the “pass-fail” system.
Benefits of TPO
Multilevel learning is a fairly effective technology. Its benefits are as follows:
1. In the offer by the teacher of the same amount of material for everyone with the establishment of different levels of requirements for mastering the subject, which creates conditions for the work of each of the selected groups of students at a certain pace.
2. The opportunity for each student to choose their level of study. This happens in every lesson, and even if sometimes not objectively, but, nevertheless, with the experience of a sense of responsibility for the choice made. This motivates the child to learn and gradually forms in him adequate self-esteem, as well as the ability to self-determination.
3. In a high level of presentation of the material by the teacher (not lower than the second).
4. In an independent, unobtrusive choice of the level of education by a schoolchild, which is painless for the pride of children.
Disadvantages of TPO
The implementation of multi-level learning technology has andsome shortcomings. They take place due to the insufficient development of such a technique at the present time. Among the negative points are:
- No defined TPO content for each school subject.
- Insufficient development of the system of tasks used during the lesson, as well as the principles of their construction in various subjects, which is necessary for teachers to master this technology.
- The lack of finally and thoroughly developed methods and forms of multi-level education, ways of building a lesson in various subjects.
- The need for further development of methods and forms of control carried out in the conditions of TPO, in particular, tests that allow us to combine psychological and pedagogical methods of the level of development and learning of students.
But in general, this technology is very progressive. After all, an educational system that offers the same procedural, substantive and temporal conditions for everyone, on the one hand, is democratic and fair, but at the same time it certainly leads to the creation of a situation where developed children simply “kill” the underachievers.
It becomes difficult for a teacher to conduct lessons in such a motley group. Involuntarily, he begins to put forward the highest demands on weak students. This translates into the fact that inactive children from the first days at school get used to being in the background. Comrades treat them extremely dismissively. Such an extremely harmful trend is avoided by technology.multi-level education. After all, it does not create the inequality that arises under the same conditions for all children. TPO allows you to approach each individual, including those students who from birth have high intelligence or slow dynamic characteristics.
