Phraseologisms, idioms, catchphrases, turns of phrase - all these are stable expressions that are used for accurate and apt remarks in speech. Often a successful word enters the language from the pages of a book or is constantly on the ear, being a line from a song. The movie you like is immediately sorted into quotes. In our age of information, even some professionalism and jargon have become the property of society, and the integration of foreign words into the native language brings with it new established expressions.
From the depths of centuries, native Russian folk expressions have come to us. Over time, the meaning of many has changed, so it is impossible to translate them into another language literally. Such phrases grow into native speech, are its very essence. A person who builds his speech from them is considered an educated and interesting conversationalist.
From books
After Cyril and Methodius translated the Holy Scriptures, a lot of stable expressions appeared in the Russian language. Often they contain obsolete words, archaisms, nevertheless they are often used by writers, so many who have not read the Bible are familiar with such expressions,like:
- I wash my hands.
- Like the apple of an eye.
- Their name is legion.
- Promised Land.
- He who doesn't work doesn't eat.
Some people compare idioms with amber. It is formed gradually and from this it becomes more and more valuable. Only the fact that the successful expression of the author was not forgotten, but began to be used, already speaks of its significance. And if it lives for centuries, it is a true treasure of native speech.
But not only the legends of antiquity replenish the dictionary of phraseological units. There are also modern masterpieces. These are the literary finds of Ilf and Petrov, of which there are about four hundred:
- The key to the apartment where the money is.
- An idiot's dreams came true.
- The ice has broken.
- Distribution of elephants.
- The removal of the body will now take place.
- Saw, Shura, saw.
- I respect the Criminal Code.
- Father of Russian democracy.
- Blue thief.
From songs
Edith Piaf was serious about the lyrics of her songs, realizing that they can do a lot for people: comfort, compassion, share grief and joy. Popular songs are always there: they are heard on the radio, they are sung during work. You can find a suitable line for every mood, and when it comes to serious things - what could be better to express a thought.
Many words of V. S. Vysotsky became sayings:
- Giraffe is big, he knows better.
- You are not close, unkind.
- He was unhappy in his own way - a fool.
Examples of set expressions from songs of other authors:
- On duty in April.
- My blue-eyed girl.
- Where are your pens.
- Who's new?
- You tell me what you need.
- Oh, what a woman!
- My bunny.
- Summer is a little life.
- My dear, forest sun.
- People are dying for metal.
- Rise and shine!
- The heart of a beauty is prone to treason.
- I'm walking like this all in Dolce Gabbana.
From movies
Favorite movies not only have a captivating plot, but also contain great dialogue. Proposals with stable expressions go to the people. And then even those who did not watch the film or who did not like it are forced to note the well-spoken word. Here are some of them:
- The East is a delicate matter.
- I'm not a coward, but I'm afraid.
- Don't make food a cult.
- Reveal the entire list, please!
- Why did you offend the noblewoman, stinker?
- Leave me, old lady, I'm sad!
- Who will you be?
- Warmed up, robbed.
- Sorry for the bird.
- In short, Sklifosofsky!
- And who doesn't drink? Name it! No, I'm waiting!
- High relationship.
- This is my cross and carry it to me!
- Young man, express yourself faster!
Professionalism
Each profession has its own terms, understandable only to a narrow circle of professionals. But some of themwell known to everyone because they have become set expressions.
Medical professionalism:
- Delirium tremens.
- Bleeding.
- Hippocratic Oath.
- Medicine is powerless here.
- As the doctor ordered.
- Get a diagnosis.
- The patient is more alive than dead.
Journalists' slang penetrates native speech through articles and reports. Some set expressions and their meaning:
- Pour water - add non-factual sentences.
- OSS is an abbreviation of the expression "one woman said."
- A fishing rod is a microphone on a stick.
- Duck is an invention of a journalist.
- The fourth estate is the power of the press.
Foreign words
Some set expressions in Russian appeared at a time when it was customary to speak French in society:
- Bonton - good manners, the ability to behave in society.
- Moveton is bad form.
- Tete-a-tete - literally "head to head". Means face-to-face conversation.
With the advent of educated people in society, the use of Latin becomes the norm. Many phrases have become fixed expressions. In addition, it was considered acceptable to use Latin for concepts dissonant in the native language. The forester from the operetta The Bat, answering the question of where he was wounded, says: “I don’t know how it will be in Latin, but without Latin it’s better not to speak.” Latin expressions are still used today:
- Alma mater - literally: "mother-nurse”, used in the figurative meaning of the university.
- Homo sapiens is a systematization of the biological species of a person, “a reasonable person.”
- In vino veritas – literally: the truth is in “wine”.
- Memento mori - translated "remember death". After the film, "Prisoner of the Caucasus" received the addition of "instantly at sea."
- Perpetuum mobile is the name of a perpetual motion machine.
- P. S. (post scriptum) - literal translation of "after what is written." After the movie "Love and Doves" got the pronunciation "Py Sy".
- Terra incognita - literally "uncharted land". In a figurative sense, any field of knowledge, yet unknown to man.
- Veni, vizi, vizi - the literal translation is "I came, I saw, I conquered". The expression has received many parodies: I came, I saw, I ran away; came, saw, punished, etc.
Conclusion
A person's ability to find graceful expressions and enjoy a well-spoken word does not depend on the level of education, age and nationality. Every family has its favorite phrases. Often they quote a grandmother with her archaisms or a child who invented a new word. This expresses the desire for creativity.
But if intra-family idioms remain for a narrow circle, then generally recognized phraseological units are public property.
