The section of science that studies the styles of the Russian language is called stylistics. Stylistics is a linguistic discipline that studies the means of expressiveness of speech and studies the laws of the language, due to the most obvious and necessary use of its components, in direct proportion to the context, semantic load, correlation with a specific situation.
The following paradigm can be singled out: language stylistics (tends to study its resources), speech stylistics (reveals the text construction system belonging to a particular style) and text stylistics. The latter is singled out by the linguist Odintsov. It examines how the means of constructing texts are correlated with situational tasks, shows exactly which language means must be chosen in order to create material of a certain style, as well as the use of these means in different communication conditions.
The central problem in the section "styles of speech of the Russian language" can be called the doctrine of the norm. It is a kind of pattern (lexical, orthographic, phonetic, orthoepic, semantic, logical, morphological, punctuation, phraseological, stylistic, derivational, etc.), without whichit would not be possible to evaluate the speech qualitatively. There is a conditional division into linguistic and stylistic norms. Language is concerned with the assessment of the correct choice and use of the resources of the language itself. And the stylistic one determines how expediently certain forms, components, units are chosen in relation to the communicative situation.
For example: the phrase "build a barn" from the point of view of the language norm corresponds to the canons, since no mistakes were made at this level when writing. But from the point of view of style, such a combination is unacceptable - the lexeme "erect" refers to a high syllable (artistic), and the word "cowshed" refers to the colloquial sphere, and these are inherently different styles of the Russian language. That is, this combination is contrary to the stylistic norm.
So, we can distinguish the following styles of the modern Russian language:
- artistic speech style;
- colloquial;
- scientific;
- newspaper-journalism;
- business speech.
All styles of the Russian language have their own style-forming, formative factors and features, uniform means that predetermine the general patterns of speech organization and the functioning of a particular text.
So, for example, the scientific style is characterized by objectivity, logic, generalization, organization, strict compositionality, uniformity, consistency - at the stylistic stage (since the main task is the transfer of scientific information); and at the levellanguage means - the principle of non-metaphor, a large number of terms, abstract nouns, analytical constructions, complex introductory phrases.
Business speech is characterized by standardization, limited word combinations, nominal combinations, imperativeness, compliance with formal norms.
Newspaper-journalistic style is designed to convey, convey socially significant information. It allows some expression, a hint of subjectivity in the transmission of objective facts.
The main features of colloquial speech are dialogue, ease, intermittent phrases, emotionality, expressiveness, incompleteness of sentences, a large number of references, spontaneity, a decrease in the share of significant parts of speech and the predominance of particles, interjections, freer compatibility of word forms (due to oral speech), a special word order. Artistic speech has the right to conscious violation of linguistic norms, if this is functionally justified. Its indicators are figurative and expressive means, archaisms, dialectisms, neologisms, widespread use of tropes (metaphors, comparisons, epithets, hyperbole, personifications).
These are the main styles of the Russian language and a brief description of each of them.
