In their speech, people use a variety of styles of speech, depending on the society in which they have to communicate. That is why it is necessary to use different styles in speech.
What are speech styles?
Speech styles are a system of linguistic methods and means of organization that have historically developed and are used in any particular area of human communication, his social life: the sphere of verbal and artistic creativity, science, business relations, agitation and mass activities, household communication. In this regard, the following styles of speech are distinguished in the Russian language: artistic, scientific, colloquial, journalistic and official business. In this case, all styles, except colloquial, are considered bookish.
In this article, we will consider all styles of speech, with special attention to the scientific style, which is used in scientific papers, textbooks, speeches at conferences. The scientific style requires stricter rules of use than others, since it requires the use of terminology applicable in a narrow field of knowledge. That is why it is worth paying special attention to the scientific style of speech. Examples of texts will help you understand it in more detail.
Features of speech styles
The appearance of a variety of styles of speech is justified by the diversity of the content of speech, as well as its goals of communication, that is, the communicative orientation. It is the goals of communication that usually dictate their own rules for choosing a style in a given situation.
Each of the functional styles of speech has its own typical features, has its own lexical circle, as well as its own syntactic structure, which should be realized to a certain extent in each of the genres. Thus, each of the styles has a number of its own characteristics. Examples and a brief description of their features will help to demonstrate all styles of speech.
Business style can be determined by professional terminology, precise definitions of the words and expressions used, also due to the clichéd language means. For example: I, Alevtina Vladlenovna Mironova, am asking for another vacation.
The main feature of the journalistic style is its expressiveness and informativeness. For example: Incredible discovery! Taras from the small village of Matroskino invented a drug that makes chickens lay silver eggs!
The artistic style is the richest in the diversity of the entire national language, in this style the use of various descriptions and phrases is encouraged to create a vivid and memorable image. This style enriches our speech andhelps to understand more deeply what is written in a work of art, to feel and experience everything. For example: Sitting on the porch of her house, she noticed how someone began to approach the courtyard. She understood that this was the return of her lover, whom she had been waiting for for several years.
The conversational style differs from all others in its ease and unpreparedness. For example: Hello! Imagine, yesterday I went to a party and met Pashka there. The one I've been telling you about all month!
The use of colloquial and colloquial words, lexical heterogeneity, simplified syntax, the use of facial expressions, gestures, emotional assessment of what is happening - all these features indicate a colloquial style of speech.
Scientific style of speech: main features
Scientific style is designed to communicate and explain the results of scientific work. Although there are many areas of science, there are some main features that apply to the scientific style in general:
- logical sequence of text;
- an ordered system of connections between all parts of statements;
- the author's desire for unambiguity, accuracy and conciseness in expressions.
If you have an idea about all the main features, it will not be difficult to write a text or determine the scientific style of speech. Examples of texts in this style will help you understand everything more specifically:
"Since 2009, NCC has been processing cardsVisa, Union Card and MasterCard, and also issues combined Maestro/NCC cards. And in 2008, the company was awarded the title of International Payment System, which significantly expanded the range of its services."
“The head of the enterprise or the chief accountant should provide a report 4 to the FSS on vacated. If the deadlines for submitting the report are not met, the company represented by its director will be fined in the amount established by law.”
Substyles of scientific speech style
As you know, styles in their pure form are very rare in speech. In most cases, they are combined, which is the reason for the formation of substyles. Scientific style substyles include:
- scientific business;
- science-journalism;
- popular science;
- scientific and technical;
- educational-scientific style of speech.
Features of scientific style text at the vocabulary level
All the main distinguishing features that are inherent in the scientific style of speech can be divided into three main groups: at the level of vocabulary, syntax and at the morphological level.
At the vocabulary level, scientific style has the following features:
- saturation with the terminology of a certain science;
- use of direct meanings of words, without various metaphors and interjections;
- use of phrases and words with an abstract meaning: number, property, law; as well as the use of verbal nouns: use, processing, study;
- prettyprivate use of words and phrases that indicate the sequence and connection of thoughts: therefore, vice versa, therefore, first, first of all, first.
All these lexical features will help determine the scientific style of speech. Examples of texts for visual presentation of the scientific style are presented below:
“Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach wall. Symptoms of gastritis are as follows: pain in the stomach after eating or on an empty stomach, nausea, diarrhea, constipation or vomiting, etc. Based on the endoscopic examination of the stomach, a diagnosis is made.”
“The most significant economic and biological criteria of varieties are: durability, resistance to all growing conditions (climate, pests and diseases, soil), storage duration and transportability.”
Morphological features of scientific style text
At the morphological level, the following features that are inherent in the scientific style of speech should be distinguished:
- use of gerunds, participles, as well as their turns;
- rare use of pronouns "I" and "we" in works and verbs in the first and second singular form;
- use of impersonal and indefinitely personal constructions in the text.
Features of scientific text at the syntactic level
Also, at the syntactic level, the scientific style of speech has its own characteristics, sentences of this style have the following characteristics:
- frequent use of links and quotes;
- refusal to use exclamatory sentences or their very rare use;
- use of charts, diagrams, various formulas;
- the use of complex sentences using conjunctions to connect phenomena in parts of the sentence.
Examples of scientific style texts
They will help to identify distinctive features and correctly determine the scientific style of speech. Examples of texts:
"The problem of theft requires timely adequate action on the part of the business entity, namely, the use of additional tools to eliminate the potential risk from the attacker."
“Based on the results of experiments, the data of which are presented in Appendix [2] and displayed in Fig. 3, we can conclude that the change in the demand curve in the short run is affected by the price level.”
Scientific style genres
All scientific texts must be designed as complete works, and their structure must be subject to all the laws of the genre.
All genres can be divided into primary and secondary, depending on who exactly is the author of the text. Also, educational and scientific texts are allocated in a separate group.
Primary genres include reference books, journal articles, monographs, textbooks, reviews, reports, dissertations, scientific reports, oral presentations at conferences, and others. These genres can be considered primary, since they were created by the author for the first time.
Secondary texts can be considered abstracts, abstracts,abstracts, various abstracts, annotations. These works are secondary, because they are compiled on the basis of existing texts. When preparing such texts, information is often collapsed to reduce the volume of the entire text.
Lectures, seminar reports, term papers, abstract reports should be attributed to the genres of the educational and scientific substyle. Regardless of the genre, all the main features that are inherent in the scientific style as a whole must be observed.
How exactly did the scientific style originate
The origin of the scientific style is determined by the development of the fields of science, different areas of human knowledge. Initially, the style of speech, scientific and artistic, were very close and similar. Later there was a separation of the scientific from the artistic style, as various kinds of scientific terminology began to appear in the Greek language.
The scientific style gained more and more popularity during the Renaissance. It was during that period that all scientists tried to present their works as accurately as possible, but in a concise form, tried to remove emotional and artistic descriptions from the text, since they contradicted the abstract logical reflection of nature.
However, at that time, conflicts arose over the presentation of scientific material by various scientists. It is known that Kepler considered the works of Galileo to be excessively artistic, and Descartes considered the style of presentation of Galileo's scientific works "fictionalized". Newton's exposition is considered to be the first example of scientific language.
The development of the scientific style also influencedRussian language. The scientific style of speech in Russia began its development at the beginning of the 18th century. During this period, translators and authors of scientific publications began to create their own terminology. The development of this style continued in the second half of the 18th century thanks to the work of Lomonosov and his students. The final formation of the scientific style of Russia took place in the second half of the 19th century thanks to the scientific work of the great scientists of that time.
In this work, all styles of speech were considered. The examples clearly illustrate the differences between them, and a detailed description of the scientific style will help you easily use it in your speech.
