In the Russian language there are a large number of syntactic constructions, but the scope of their application is the same - the transmission of written or oral speech. They sound in ordinary colloquial, and in business, and in scientific language, they are used in poetry and prose. It can be both simple and complex syntactic constructions, the main purpose of which is to correctly convey the thought and meaning of what was said.
The concept of complex structures
Many writers prefer to present the narrative in their works with simple and short sentences. These include Chekhov (“brevity is the sister of talent”), Babel, O. Henry and others. But there are authors who use sentences with a complex syntactic construction in order not only to more fully convey the description, but also the emotions that it evokes. They were most widely used by such authors as Hugo, Leo Tolstoy, Nabokov and others.
A complex syntactic construction is a sentence in which there are different types of syntactic links. They can combine:
- Coordinative and non-union connections: "Large snowflakes first slowly fell on the sidewalk, and then fell faster - the blizzard began."
- Allied with subordinates: "In the evening the weather deteriorated sharply, no one wanted to go for a walk when I finished my business."
- Mixed type: "All the guests went into the hall in silence, took their places, and only after that they began to whisper to each other until the one who invited them here appeared at the door."
- Coordinating and subordinating connections: "A large beautiful maple leaf fell at my feet, and I decided to pick it up to put it in a vase at home."
In order to correctly compose complex syntactic constructions, you should know exactly how their parts are interconnected. Punctuation marks also depend on this.
Composing type of connection
In the Russian language, a complex syntactic construction can consist of parts united by one of the 3 types of links - coordinating, subordinating and unionless, or all at the same time. Syntactic structures with a coordinative type of connection combine two or more equal sentences connected by a coordinating conjunction.
One could put a dot between them or swap them, since each of themindependent, but together in meaning they form a single whole, for example:
- Read this book and you will discover a whole new vision of reality. (You can put a period between two sentences, and the content remains the same.)
- A thunderstorm was approaching, and dark clouds appeared in the sky, and the air was filled with moisture, and the first gust of wind stirred the treetops. (Parts can be swapped, while the meaning of the sentence will be the same.)
Compositional connection can be one of the connecting components in complex sentences. Examples of its combination with an allied bond are known.
Combining with intonation
A complex syntactic construction often combines a coordinative connection with a non-union one. This is the name of complex sentences, the parts of which are interconnected exclusively by intonation, for example:
"The girl accelerated her pace (1): the train, puffing, drove up to the station (2), and the whistle of the locomotive confirmed this (3)".
There is an allied connection between the 1st and 2nd parts of the construction, and the second and third sentences are united by a coordinative connection, they are completely equal, and you can put a full stop between them.
In this example, there is a combination of coordinative and non-union connections, united by a single lexical meaning.
Constructions with coordinating and subordinating connections
Sentences in which one part is main and the other is dependent are called complex. However, from the first to the secondyou can always ask a question, no matter where it is, for example:
- I don't like (when what?) being interrupted. (The main part is at the beginning of the sentence.)
- When they interrupt me, I don't like it (when?). (The sentence begins with a subordinate clause).
- Natasha decided (for how long?) that she would leave for a long time (for what reason?), because what happened had a strong impact on her. (The first part of the sentence is the main in relation to the second, while the second is in relation to the third).
Combined into one whole, coordinating and subordinating connections form complex syntactic constructions. Examples of sentences will be considered below.
"I realized (1) that new challenges awaited me (2), and this realization gave me strength (3)".
The first part is the main one in relation to the second, as they are connected by a subordinate relationship. The third is attached to them by a coordinative link with the help of the union and.
"The boy was about to cry (1) and tears filled his eyes (2) when the door opened (3) so that he could follow his mother (4)".
The first and second sentences are connected by a coordinating link with the help of the union "and". The second, third and fourth parts of the construction are connected by subordination.
In complex syntactic constructions, the sentences of which they are composed can be complicated. Consider an example.
"The wind rose, growing stronger with every gust (1), and peoplehid their faces in collars (2) when a new flurry overtook them (3)".
The first part is complicated by participle turnover.
Types of unionless and subordinating constructions
In Russian, you can often find non-union sentences combined with a subordinating type of connection. In such constructions, there can be 3 or more parts, some of which are main for some and dependent for others. Parts without unions are attached to them with the help of intonation. This is the so-called complex syntactic construction (examples below) with a subordinating-union-free relationship:
"In moments of extreme fatigue, I had a strange feeling (1) - I'm doing something (2) that I have absolutely no soul for (3)".
In this example, the 1st and 2nd parts are connected by a common meaning and intonation, while the 2nd (main) and 3rd (dependent) are a complex sentence.
"When it snowed outside (1), my mother wrapped me in numerous scarves (2), because of this I could not move normally (3), which made it extremely difficult to play snowballs with other guys (4) ".
In this sentence, the 2nd part is the main one in relation to the 1st, but at the same time it is connected with the 3rd intonation. In turn, the third sentence is the main one in relation to the fourth one and is a complex structure.
In one complex syntactic structure, some parts can be connected without a union, but at the same time be part of a complex subordinatingoffers.
Design with all types of connection
A complex syntactic construction that uses all types of communication at the same time is rare. Similar sentences are used in literary texts when the author wants to convey events and actions as accurately as possible in one phrase, for example:
"The whole sea was covered with waves (1), which, as they approached the shore, became larger (2), they crashed with noise against a solid barrier (3), and with a displeased hiss, the water receded (4) to return and strike with renewed vigor (5)".
In this example, the 1st and 2nd parts are connected by a subordinate relationship. The second and third are unionless, between the 3rd and 4th is a coordinating connection, and the fourth and fifth are again subordinating. Such complicated syntactic constructions can be divided into several sentences, but when combined, they carry additional emotional coloring.
Separation of sentences with different types of communication
Punctuation marks in complex syntactic constructions are placed on the same basis as in complex, compound and non-union sentences, for example:
- When the sky in the east began to turn gray, a rooster crowed. (subordinate relationship).
- A light haze lay in the valley, and the air trembled over the herbs. (compound sentence).
- When the disk of the sun rose above the horizon, as if the whole world was filled with sounds - birds, insects and animals greeted the new day. (Commastands between the main and dependent parts of a complex sentence, and a dash separates it from the non-union).
If you combine these sentences into one, you get a complex syntactic construction (grade 9, syntax):
"When the sky in the east began to turn gray, a rooster crowed (1), a light haze lay in the valley, and the air trembled over the grasses (2), when the disk of the sun rose above the horizon, as if the whole world was filled with sounds - birds, insects and animals greeted the new day (3)".
Parse complex syntactic constructions
To analyze a sentence with different types of connection, you need:
- determine its type - narrative, imperative or interrogative;
- find out how many simple sentences it consists of and find their boundaries;
- determine the types of links between parts of the syntactic construction;
- characterize each block by structure (complex or simple sentence);
- chart it.
This way you can disassemble a structure with any number of links and blocks.
Using sentences with different types of links
Similar constructions are used in colloquial speech, as well as in journalism and fiction. They convey the feelings and emotions of the author to a greater extent than written separately. Leo Tolstoy was a great master who used complex syntactic constructions.
