The required unit of the language is an introductory construction. First you need to understand what it is.
Introductory construction. Examples of introductory units
The person creating the text may include a word or combination of words in the sentence, the purpose of which is to evaluate or characterize the message.
Example of a sentence with an evaluative construction: But then, unfortunately, an overwhelming shyness came over me
Example of a characterization sentence: Everyone must have been a bit confused
In the first sentence, the content is evaluated negatively with the introductory word "unfortunately." In the second sentence, the message is characterized as possible by the opening word "probably".
When we know what an introductory construction is, we need to learn the next point. They are separated by commas.
What is an introductory construction
IntroductoryUnits of language are called, which represent a word, a form of a word or a phrase. They have features that distinguish them from other components of the sentence.
- They do not expand the content of the message.
- Such words express the speaker's attitude to the information being communicated.
- They are not connected with the members of the sentence, main and secondary, syntactic links.
- They will not change their grammatical form when changing words in a sentence.
- They can be skipped without compromising the meaning of the sentence.
- Due to their autonomy, introductory units can be placed freely at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence.
Example:
Perhaps I will go.
I think I'll go.
I'll probably go.
Introductory units can refer to the whole sentence and to one word. In the latter case, the introductory unit is next to this word.
Example:
Feeling like a senior or, more accurately, the main thing has become his need.
It has become his need to feel like he's in charge.
So, we have looked at introductory words and sentences with examples. The main thing that is important to understand is that they are autonomous, which is why they are separated by commas.
Introductory units that do not have homonymous sentence members
Few introductory units function only as introductory components in sentences.
List of introductory words and word forms that do not have homonymous sentence members:
- by-apparently;
- actually, as a matter of fact;
- probably;
- set;
- of course;
- first, second, third;
- hence;
- so;
- a sinful deed;
- uneven hour;
- what good;
- at least;
- at least.
Such introductory constructions are like incentives to action - you need to put commas. In this case, there are no other options.
Introductory units with homonymous sentence members - predicates
Most of the introductory units are correlated with the words of other parts of speech that are members of the sentence in sentences.
| Introductory sentences | Sentences with sentence members |
| My dog seems to be starting to get used to the state of hunting excitement. | In my usual life I feel love again. |
| Everyone argued enthusiastically, but, strangely, nowhere else have I met such indifferent people as here. | Mom looked at me somehow intently and strangely. |
Words that can be both introductory units and predicates:
| Words | Introductory sentences | Propositions with member sentences |
| hope | I hope you are ready to go. | I hope for a happy ending. |
| repeat | I repeat, you must all give one example each. | I've said the same thing over and over again. |
| I emphasize | I emphasize that there are no losers in our family. | I always underline spelling in sentences. |
| remember | I remember you said something completely different. | I remember that evening in great detail. |
| I confess | Yesterday, I confess, I was already thinking about dropping the case. | I confess to everything so that an innocent person does not suffer. |
| feeling | I feel like I can't take it anymore. | I feel everything, but I don't show it. |
| happens | We sometimes have hornless butts. | Nothing like that happens here. |
| told | Here, they said, there were terrible battles. | I was told about this yesterday. |
| believe |
Teachers, believe me, do not wish you anything bad. |
Believe me. |
| understand | Everyone here, understand, gathered because of you. | Just get it right. |
| agree | We have everything, you see, it was right conceived. | You will definitely agree with him when you hear it. |
The introductory construction, examples of which we examined in the table, differs from the predicate in that it is not related to the subject.
Introductory constructions with homonymous sentence members - additions
A significant group of introductory constructions are case forms of nouns with prepositions:
- fortunately;
- to joy;
- unfortunately;
- unfortunately;
- surprise;
- unfortunately;
- to despair;
- to annoyance;
- to shame;
- for example;
- by the way;
- according to legend;
- rumored;
- on conscience;
- in truth;
- please.
What is an introductory construction, and what is an addition with a preposition, can only be determined by comparing sentences. In addition to the addition, it will be possible to put the question of the indirect case, but it is impossible to put such a question to the introductory units. The introductory construction can be skipped, but the addition is impossible.
| Sentences with introductory constructions (sample sentences) | Sentences with additions (sample sentences) |
| There were no casu alties, fortunately. There were no casu alties. | Fortunately (to what?), there was also a sense of satisfaction. |
| They are rumored to have just finished building. They just finished building. | Everyone knew abouthim only (for what?) according to rumors. |
Introductory constructions with the union "how"
Introductory units can begin with the word "how", and it is necessary to be able to distinguish them from comparative turns and complex sentences with the union "how". Comparative phrases "like + existent" can be transformed into a noun in the instrumental case. In any comparative turnover, the union "as" can be replaced by the words: "as if", "as if", as if. Spp sentences usually have a demonstrative word "so" in the main clause, which will not allow the conjunction "how" to be omitted. And such an introductory construction, examples of which are given below, may be devoid of the word “how” and the meaning of the sentence will not suffer from this.
- as seen;
- as you know;
- as usual;
- as expected;
- as they say;
- as they say;
- as they said;
- as it seemed;
- as often happens;
- as you understand;
- as scheduled;
- as expected;
- as science says;
- as practice has shown;
- as indicated above.
| Sentences with introductory constructions (examples) | Comparative Sentences and SPPs (examples) |
| In this place, as the old-timers said, once there was a church. In this place, the old-timers said, once there was a church. | They told me exactly as the old-timers told me. |
| All gathered, as well asexpected, they didn't say a word. Everyone in the room, as expected, didn't say a word. | Napoleon's army behaved as expected. |
Offers with comparative volumes:
- The eyes of a mouse are like beads. – The mouse has beady eyes.
- The horse rose as if bitten. – The horse reared as if bitten.
Introductory constructs with confidence value
The speaker can express in a sentence his conviction in what he is saying, or, conversely, express doubt about the truth of the facts presented.
| Introductory words and constructions. Examples with confidence value | |
| confidence | doubt the truth |
|
|
It is necessary to distinguish in which sentence the introductorya construction, examples and other samples of which have been considered in sufficient quantities above, and in which - members of the sentence homonymous to the introductory units. Here are examples of the latter:
- Textbook, notebook, pen - all this should be in your bag.
- There may be a traffic police post on this stretch of road.
- It was so obvious that no one objected.
- Dad can go to the meeting instead of mom.
- He said it all surprisingly naturally.
- The lake was visible from the window of my room.
Introductory constructions with the meaning of the emotional evaluation of what was said
Speakers expressing a positive or negative attitude about their message use an introductory construction, examples of which are:
- unfortunately;
- unfortunately;
- for trouble;
- how bad luck;
- worse yet;
- what a shame;
- strange thing;
- amazing deal;
- which is amazing;
- what good;
- God forbid;
- alas.
| Introductory sentences | Sentences with sentence members |
| All of them, surprisingly, managed to get out of the trap. | It was amazing. |
| Our class, which is amazing, coped with the test completely without twos. | His efforts went unnoticed, strikingly inconsistent with our understanding ofjustice. |
Introductory constructions - appeals to the interlocutor
In order to draw attention to the reported facts, the speaker uses introductory constructions:
- listen;
- agree;
- believe;
- understand;
- note;
- pay attention;
- judge for yourself;
- imagine;
- imagine;
- can you imagine;
- what can I say;
- sorry;
- sorry;
- think for yourself;
- as you understand;
- know;
- see;
- hear;
- please;
- do you believe.
| Introductory sentences | Sentences with sentence members |
| Close-minded people, you know, take pleasure in the knowledge that they are unhappy. | You know they are unhappy. |
| Daughter-in-law, do you hear, has already got up, we will rise too. | Do you hear that the daughter-in-law is already up? |
Introductory constructions - a way of designing thoughts
The speaker, formulating his thoughts, uses introductory constructions:
- in one word;
- general;
- in other words;
- in short;
- roughly speaking;
- to put it bluntly;
- you could say;
- say without embellishment;
- easier to say;
- to put it mildly;
- or rather;
- more precisely;
- as they say;
- let's say this;
- in other words;
- if I may say so.
| Introductory sentences | Sentences with sentence members |
| To me, all this was, frankly, strange to hear. | We'll tell you straight. |
| You failed the task, let's say so. | If we talk like that, we will not be allowed into polite society. |
Introductory constructions - the source of the statement
The author in his speech can refer to a third-party source of information using introductory constructions:
- according to;
- at will;
- as everyone says;
- rumored;
- according to my calculations;
- told;
- according to eyewitnesses;
- I think;
- your way;
- as research has shown;
- as research results;
- as reported by weather forecasters.
| Introductory sentences | Sentences with sentence members |
| The cleanest water, as studies have shown, is in Lake Baikal. | Everything is exactly as research has shown. |
| In the western part of Siberia, as weather forecasters say, hot weather will set in. | And if it rains, as the forecasters say? |
Introductory constructions indicating the sequence of reasoning
The author of the text can logically build his message using introductory constructions:
- vice versa;
- opposite;
- however;
- on one side;
- on the other hand;
- hence;
- mean;
- so;
- thus;
- first;
- second;
- third;
- finally;
- after all;
- next;
- mainly;
- first of all;
- all the more so;
- by the way;
- by the way;
- besides;
- example;
- in particular.
| Introductory sentences | Sentences with sentence members |
| Everyone, however, remained silent. | No one agreed, but no one argued. |
| I'm trying to do something, by the way. | The note was found among other rubbish. |
Sometimes introductory constructions are used as a means of creating a comic. For example, if you use the outdated form of the introductory combination of words: I, by the way, completed three classes of the gymnasium.
Introductory units of speech and plug-in constructions
Constructions, which are called plug-in, differ from introductory syntactic units in content, purpose, emphasis marks. Plug-in structures usually contain various additional information to the maincontent. They serve to clarify various circumstances related to the fragment of speech, but they are not basic in their purpose. Most often, plug-in constructions are distinguished by brackets, sometimes dashes, if they are not common - by commas.
Compare the introductory and insertion constructions, examples of which are given below.
| Introductory sentences | Offers with insert structures |
| We then lived not far, according to my mother, from the city. | We then lived not far (only a few tens of kilometers) from the city. |
| The soldiers walked in a rare, in my opinion, chain. | The soldiers walked in a rare (two by four meters man) chain. |
Introductory syntactic units are not the result of the author's creativity, they exist in the language in finished form. Plug-in designs are usually unique.
