The formation of new words is a very important process. He says that the language does not stand still, it develops, is in motion. The process of becoming a word as a particle of the language is very long, because the speakers must get used to it. New words are called neologisms. And the science that studies the ways of their appearance is word formation.
Derivation as a section of the language
Any word has significant parts, morphemes. This applies not only to Russian, but also to all other languages. These parts are called significant because they participate in the formation of new words, they do not change during declension or conjugation. Such morphemes are prefix, suffix and stem. Hence the ways of word formation of words: prefix and suffix.
Also, the basis is involved in the emergence of new words. Usually she is responsible for the formation of complex words, because the bases, interacting with each other, add up.
It is worth noting that sometimes it is difficult to trace what was the origin of thator another word. In this case, a word-building dictionary will help. It is in every language. You can also look into the etymological, because often the morphemes with which the word was once formed grow together with the root.
An example is the word memory. In the process of historical development, this word lost the prefix pa-, with the help of which it happened. At present, during morphemic analysis, we single out only the root, stem and ending in this word.
Formation of words using suffixes
Suffixes are actively involved in the emergence of new words. They can either be added to the stem from which they originate (suffix method) or truncated (non-suffix, non-affix method). Consider examples of suffix word formation.
Let's see how the noun nebula was formed. To do this, let's analyze the word-building chain: First, the adjective foggy was formed from the word fog with the help of the suffix -n - (suffixal method), then the word foggy was formed from it with the help of the suffix -ost- also in a suffixal way.
Let's analyze another similar word formation. Examples (briefly): white - protein (base is white - and suffix - ok -); load - loader (base load - and suffix - chik -); earth - earthy (the basis of the earth - and the suffix - yang -).
Now let's observe how words are formed in a non-affix way. We note right away that this phenomenon in the Russian language happens less often,rather than adding a suffix. This is how nouns are formed. This method is as follows: the suffix is cut off from the generating stem.
Consider an example: from the adjective deep, by cutting off the suffix, the noun deep appeared. We are talking about the non-affix method, because the basis of the adjective has changed, truncated.
More examples: silence - silence (the suffix was cut off from the basis of silence); pass - transition (the suffix - and - was cut off from the stem); run - run (from the basis of running - cut off the suffix - a -).
Word formation using prefixes
Another very popular way is prefixing, or prefix. It consists in the fact that a prefix is attached to the base of the original word. It should be remembered that when using this method, the derived and generating word are the same part of speech.
Let's consider how word formation occurs. Examples are: The word-formation chain station - station - railway station. From the word vokzal, the word vokzalny was formed in a suffixal way (the suffix -n- participated), then with the help of a prefix, the word near the station was formed in a prefixed way. Be sure to pay attention to the fact that the words station and station are adjectives.
Another word-building chain: blue - turn blue - turn blue. Here, from the stem of the word blue, the verb turn blue was formed in a suffixal way, and already from it, by prefixes, the verb turn blue.
The words were also formed: the verbs go - leave (prefix y-); verbs to write- rewrite (prefix re-); adjectives fashionable - trendy (prefix super-); nouns grandmother - great-grandmother (prefix pra-); adverbs left - left (prefix on-); pronouns who - someone (prefix something-)
Prefixed-suffixal method
It is not uncommon for both a suffix and a prefix to form a new word. This is a prefix-suffix word formation. Examples will be shown below.
Let's analyze the word-building chain: earth - to land. The derivative word was formed using the prefix with - and the suffix - and -, attached at the same time. Thus, we observe the prefix-suffix method.
Often words formed in this way arise from the combination of a noun with a preposition. For example: district - across the river; desktop - on the table; boletus - under a birch. Thus, the prepositions used at one time became prefixes.
Formation of compound words
The basis can be involved in the appearance of new words. Thus, compound words or complex abbreviations arise. Let's analyze these ways of word formation with examples.
Addition method
It can involve both the whole word and the stem or some part of it. The words sofa-bed, booster, table-book are formed in this way.
Also, the addition of stems can take place with the help of connecting vowels. There are two of them in Russian: oh, e. This is how such words as forest-steppe, moon rover, reinforced concrete appeared.
Another way to add is to join a full base to a truncated one: half a melon, camping trip, wall newspaper.
A new word may appear from a phrase, coordinating or subordinating: meat and milk (meat and milk - writing), German-Russian (German and Russian - writing); agricultural (agriculture - subordinating), left-bank (left bank - subordinating). If there is a coordinating link between words, they are written with a hyphen, and if there is a subordinating link, you need to write together.
These are examples of word formation in Russian of compound words.
Compound words
The youngest way of Russian word formation is compound words. They appear by adding syllables or the initial letters of a word. Let's analyze these ways of word formation with examples.
If a word arose by adding the initial letters, then it is called an abbreviation, and the technique is called an abbreviation. Computer (electronic computer), Youth Theater (theater of the young spectator), NPP (nuclear power plant) - these are all abbreviations. It should be remembered that there is no need to put dots between letters.
Another way to form compound words is to add syllables. These are words such as nuclear ship (atom, walk), collective farm (collective farm), young naturalist (young naturalist), department store (department store).
Verbs are not formed in this way, only nouns and adjectives.
Formation of words in English
Just like in Russian, it happensword formation in English. We will analyze examples below.
Derivation using the prefix: possible (possible) - inpossible (impossible - prefix in); war (war) - prewar (pre-war - prefix pre); to write (write) - rewrite (rewrite - prefix re). We can make an unambiguous conclusion that in English the lexical meaning of a derived word is regulated by the value of the prefix, that is, if we need to form a new word, it is enough to choose a prefix that matches the lexical meaning.
Examples of suffix word formation: to teach (teach) - teacher (teacher). The last word appeared by attaching the suffix - er - to the base teach -; free (to be free) - freedom (freedom) - the word is formed using the suffix - dom -; power (strength) - powerful (powerful) - formed with the help of the suffix - ful -.
Word formation by addition: downtown (city center) came from the merger of the bases down (bottom) and town (city); underground (metro, underground) merging the bases under (under) and ground (ground); duty-free (duty-free shop) - basics of duty (tax) and free (free, free).
There are words in English formed by truncation: grandmother - granny (grandmother); subway - sub (metro); mathematics - maths (mathematics).
Abbreviation in English also takes place: unknown flying object (UFO) - an unidentified flying object (UFO); e-mail (electronic mail) - email.
Conversion
Both in Russian and inEnglish has another way of forming words: conversion. In this case, the part of speech passes from one to another.
Let's consider such word formation in Russian. Examples are as follows: from the adjective teacher (room) to the noun teacher; ice cream - from adjective to noun.
In English: rain (rain, noun) – to rain (drizzle, verb); to use (use, verb) - use (use, noun); blue (blue, noun) – blue (blue, adjective).
Word change and word formation: what's the difference?
It is necessary to distinguish between inflection and word formation. We will analyze examples below. Inflection is a change in the form of a word: its case, number, gender, tense (for a verb). In other words, these are non-permanent signs of one or another significant part of speech. A change in the form of a word through its ending is implemented.
Word formation is the formation of a fundamentally new word that has morphological features peculiar only to it. They are the same no matter what form the word is in. Let's analyze a specific example: window - window. Here we observe a change in the form of the word, because the ending has changed: the word was in the nominative case, but it became in the dative. Another thing is a couple of words window - window sill. In this case, we got a fundamentally new word in a prefix way: the prefix under was added to the base of windows. In addition, window is a neuter word, and window sill is masculine. Constant morphological features have changed.
Let's look at two more options with verbs. First: sinker - sinker. In this case, the word changed by gender, the ending changed: zero to - a. accordingly, inflection takes place. Another option: load - load. Here, with the help of the prefix po - from the imperfective verb, a new, perfect one was formed.
