As you know, all parts of speech in Russian are divided into two groups: independent and auxiliary.
Noteworthy words, in addition to morphological features, have a lexical meaning. That is, a specific interpretation that can be found in a dictionary.
The service parts of speech have only grammatical meaning. Their functions in the language, as is clear from the very name of this group, are reduced only to the maintenance of independent words.
Prepositions, for example, express the dependence of some significant units on others in a sentence or phrase. Unions have two functions in syntactic construction. They either connect two sentences as part of a complex one, or connect homogeneous members.
The third service part of speech, like unions, also has two functions. But before considering them, it is necessary to determine what a particle is and what it represents.
Let's start with the fact that this part of speech is invariable, but, unlike significant words, it consists exclusively of the root morpheme. In addition, all particles are not members of the sentence, they are underlined along with the word to which they refer.
Depending on the discharge, particlescan contribute to the formation of verb forms or express semantic shades.
In total, this part of speech has three groups of words.
The first category of particles are shaping. As the name implies, they perform an auxiliary function. With their help, forms of the conditional and imperative mood are formed:
- I would learn the rule if I wasn't lazy.
- Long live the king!
- Let's join hands.
- Let's leave early.
- Let him come home!
- May it always be summer.
When asked what a particle is, students usually remember the second digit of this part of speech. Negative "NOT" and "NOR", which are studied for continuous and separate spelling with different categories of words, are easy for schoolchildren to remember.
The "NOT" particle gives a negative meaning to the entire statement or individual concepts in the sentence:
- Don't cross the road at a red traffic light.
- The lake house is not big, but small.
When double negative with "NOT" in the sentence, on the contrary, a positive value appears:
After hearing the false accusations, he couldn't help but answer
The "NOR" particle paired with "NOT" only reinforces the negation, but after interrogative words before the predicate, it sometimes acquires a generalizing meaning.
- He couldn't read or write.
- Wherever you look, there is a lush bloom everywhere.
Modal particles either add semantic nuances or express a person's attitude to what was said.
The group of such words is heterogeneous. There are several subtypes of modal particles:
- interrogative (really, really, is it);
- pointing (here, out, here, and out);
- excretory and restrictive (only, exclusively, only, almost).
- clarifying (exactly);
- exclamatory (like, what for);
- amplifying (even, after all, after all, all the same, etc.);
- expression of doubt (hardly, hardly);
- mitigating claim(s).
The particle "-ka" is written with a hyphen with the word it is used with:
Shut up, buddy
To answer the question about what a particle is, one should add information about the features of distinguishing this part of speech from homonymous words. For example, the union "how" and a similar exclamation particle differ in function in the sentence:
How (ex. fr.) beautiful summer nights!
I saw the (union) waves crash against the rocks.
Summarizing what a particle is. This part of speech has only a grammatical meaning, it is necessary for the formation of verb forms and the transmission of semantic shades in the speech stream. Each of the three particle classes has a unique role in the language.
