Do you know the difference between the words "paint", "red", "dyed", "paint"?
That's right, each of them represents its own part of speech. This is how homogeneous categories of words with common features are called in the language.
The significant parts of these words are studied by a science called morphology, and the role of words in sentences is syntax.
Morphological features allow in Russian to contrast nominal and verbal parts of speech. The former include names
- Nouns. Boy, children, blue, scissors, abstract. They have permanent morphological features and non-permanent ones. The constants include gender - male and female, type of declension, "common" or "property" (designation of names, titles, etc.), animation or inanimateness. The number and case of nouns can change, so such signs are considered inconsistent.
- Adjectives. Red, childish, blue, abstract. Permanent morphological features of the adjective do not exist. These words are completely like those on which they depend.
- Numerals. Two, one thousand two hundred and thirty, one, one hundred and forty-four. Their permanent morphological characters have only two categories. Numerals can be simple (five, seventh, five) or compound (two hundred twenty-one, one hundred and eleven). Another constant feature is related to value. Numerals (ten, one million, one hundred) can indicate the number or (sixth, two hundredth) order in counting. Variable morphological features are different for everyone. For example, ordinals can change by gender (first, first) and numbers (sixteenth, sixteenth). Some numbers may even change across genders one-one-one.
- Pronouns. All, everyone, he, someone, nobody, several. Their constant morphological features are personal (I, we, they, etc.), negative (no one), etc. All other features depend on the word to which the pronoun is subject, and, therefore, are inconsistent.
Morphological features of the verb are fundamentally different from nominal parts of speech. First of all, the verb (run, jump, decide) denotes an action or state (sleep). Its permanent morphological features:
- View. If the action has already been completed or has a border, a limit, then this is a perfect form: sing, dug up, sent. If the action continues, then this is an imperfect kind: they sing, they dig, they send.
- Returnability: wash-wash.
- Transitivity. Sometimes the action is transferred (transferred) to the object. For example:paint the wall, write a letter, eat porridge. These are transitive verbs. Sometimes this is not possible. You can’t say “walk yourself”, but you can say “walk the dog.”
- Conjugation. For verbs, it is either the first (decide, sing, resist) or the second (paint, heal, drink).
The rest of the signs of the verb are inconstant.
There are other parts of speech in Russian. They have their own morphological features. For example, an adverb never changes, interjections can be derived or non-derived, etc.
All this is studied by a science called morphology.
