Pathological types of breathing are a condition characterized by a group rhythm, often accompanied by periodic stops or intermittent breaths.
Reason for violation
In violation of the rhythm of inhalation and exit, depth, as well as pauses and changes in respiratory movements, pathological types of breathing are observed. Reasons for this could be:
- Accumulation of metabolic products in the blood.
- Hypoxia and hypercapnia caused by acute circulatory disorders.
- Impaired lung ventilation caused by various types of intoxication.
- Edema of the reticular formation.
- Respiratory organs affected by a viral infection.
- Impaired circulation in the brain stem.
During the violation, patients may complain of clouding of consciousness, periodic respiratory arrest, increased inhalation or exhalation. With a pathological type of breathing, an increase in blood pressure can be observed during the strengthening of the phase, and it falls during the weakening.
Types of abnormal breathing
There are several types of abnormal breathing. To the mostcommon include those associated with an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system. This type of ailment includes the following types:
- Cheyne-Stokes.
- Kussmaul.
- Grocko.
- Biotte breath.
Each type has its own characteristics.
Cheyne-Stokes type
This type of pathological breathing is characterized by the frequency of breathing movements with pauses of different lengths. So, the duration can be up to a minute. In this case, at first, patients note short-term stops, without any sounds. Gradually, the duration of the pause increases, breathing becomes noisy. By about the eighth breath, the duration of the stop reaches its maximum. Then everything happens in reverse order.
In patients with Cheyne-Stokes type, the amplitude increases during chest movements. Then there is an extinction of movements, up to a complete cessation of breathing for a while. Then the process is restored, starting the cycle from the beginning.
This type of abnormal breathing in humans is accompanied by apnea up to one minute. In most cases, the Cheyne-Stokes type occurs due to cerebral hypoxia, but can be recorded with poisoning, uremia, cerebral hemorrhage, and various injuries.
Clinically, this type of disorder is manifested by clouding of consciousness, up to its complete loss, heart rhythm disturbances, paroxysmal shortness of breath.
Resumption of breathing restores oxygen supply to the brainbrain, shortness of breath disappears, clarity of consciousness normalizes, patients come to their senses.
Biott type
Pathological type of breathing Biot is a periodic violation in which there is an alternation of rhythmic movements with long pauses. They can be up to one and a half minutes long.
This type of pathology occurs in brain lesions, pre-shock and shock conditions. Also, this variety can develop with infectious pathologies that affect the organs of the respiratory system. In some cases, problems from the central nervous system lead to the pathological type of Biott's breathing.
Biott type leads to severe cardiac dysfunction.
Grokko's pathological type
Grokko's breathing is also called the wavy subspecies. In its course, it is similar to the Cheyne-Stokes type, but instead of pauses, weak, superficial inhalations and exhalations are observed. It is followed by an increase in the depth of breathing, and then a decrease.
This type of shortness of breath is arrhythmic. He can switch to Cheyne-Stokes and back.
Kussmaul's Breath
For the first time this species was described by the German scientist A. Kussmaul in the century before last. This type of pathology manifests itself in severe ailments. During Kussmaul breathing, patients experience noisy convulsive breaths with rare deep respiratory movements and their complete stop.
Kussmaul type refers toterminal types of breathing, which can be observed in hepatic, diabetic coma, as well as in case of poisoning with alcohols and other substances. As a rule, patients are in a coma.
Pathological breathing: table
The presented table with pathological types of breathing will help to better see their main similarities and differences.
| Sign | Cheyne-Stokes | Biotta | Grokko's Breath | Kussmaul type |
| Breathing stop | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Breathing | Increasing noise | Suddenly stops and starts | Noisy | Rare, deep, noisy |
Deeply advanced pathological processes and strong acidification of the blood lead to single breaths and various rhythm disturbances. Pathological types can be observed in a variety of clinical ailments. It can be not only a coma, but also SARS, tonsillitis, meningitis, pneumatorox, gasping syndrome, paralysis. Most often, changes are associated with impaired brain function, bleeding.
