The Republic of Bashkortostan (capital - Ufa) is one of the sovereign states that are part of the Russian Federation. The path of this republic to its current status was very difficult and long.
A bit of history
Back in the 16th century, the Bashkirs voluntarily became subjects of the Russian state. They rebelled many times with weapons in their hands against the infringement of their freedom, stipulated at the time of joining Russia, against social and national oppression. The revolution that took place in February 1917 caused a popular movement in the region. It was aimed at acquiring territorial autonomy. This movement was headed by A. Z. Validov.
Already during the power of the Soviets, in December 1917, the All-Bashkir Constituent Congress (kurultai) approved the idea of autonomy. It elected the first Bashkir government. However, a civil war began, and only in the spring of 1919 did it become possible to put this idea into practice. The Bashkir government, leaning now to the reds, then to the whites, reached an agreement with the Soviet government on the formation of the Autonomous Bashkir Soviet Republic, which became part of Russia. On March 23, a message about this agreement was made public. Since then, this day has been consideredHappy birthday to the Bashkir ASSR.
The rapid social, economic and cultural development of the region began shortly after the formation of the autonomous republic. The impressive achievements of its population are undeniable. Even from the rostrum of the UN it was said about them. It is also indisputable that the statehood of the various peoples of the USSR, solemnly proclaimed, was emasculated under the conditions of totalitarianism. It turned out to be decorative.
The road to independence
The road to independence for the former autonomies was opened by the democratic reforms carried out in recent years. October 11, 1990 became a holiday for Bashkiria. It was then that an important document was adopted - the Declaration on the state sovereignty of this republic. The first President of Bashkortostan (Murtaza Rakhimov became him) was elected in accordance with the new Constitution. The Supreme Council was transformed into a state bicameral Assembly. Its elections were held on March 5, 1995. Today, relations between this region and Russia are built on the basis of the Federative Treaty concluded between them. President of Bashkortostan - Rustem Khamitov. He has held this position since 2010. The government of Bashkortostan submits to him. This is the main executive body of the republic.
Anthem of Bashkortostan
It was approved on September 18, 2008 and is one of the symbols of this republic. The anthem of Bashkortostan is performed at the closing and opening of solemn meetings and meetings dedicated to the state holidays of the Russian Federation and Bashkortostan, upon taking office as the head of the republic andother important events. The authors of the words in the Bashkir language are Rashit Shakur and Ravil Bikbaev. Translation into Russian was made by Svetlana Churaeva and Farit Idrisov. The latter is also the author of the music.
Coat of arms of Bashkortostan
The coat of arms of the republic is also its state symbol. The law on the coat of arms was adopted on October 12, 1993. It was designed by Fazletdin Islakhov, an artist from the Kitap publishing house.
On the coat of arms there is an image of a monument to the Bashkir national hero Salavat Yulaev. The monument is presented against the backdrop of the rising sun. The image is inscribed in a circle, framed with a national ornament. The kurai inflorescence is presented below the monument, it is a symbol of the courage of the peoples. Even lower is a ribbon painted in the colors of the flag of Bashkortostan. It has the inscription "Bashkortostan". As for the color image, the ornament and the monument to S. Yulaev are golden in color, the kurai flower is green, the rays of the sun are yellow, and the sun itself is light golden in color, the background between the ornament and the monument is white, the outer and inner circles are dark golden.
Let's tell a little about Salavat Yulaev. This is the national poet of Bashkortostan, who sang the exploits of the batyrs, as well as native nature. His work was passed down for a long time by word of mouth. It is imbued with the spirit of struggle against oppression. After all, Salavat is also a commander, an associate of Pugachev, who was elevated to the rank of foreman by the peasant "king". After the uprising was suppressed, and Salavat was captured by punishers, the Bashkirs were forbidden to namein his name of children, any mention of the fate of this man, who spent almost a quarter of a century in hard labor, was suppressed.
However, the image placed on the coat of arms is not an individual. This is a collective image of a horseman-warrior who fights for justice and freedom. It symbolizes the unity and friendship of the peoples of Bashkortostan. The fact is that according to the rules of heraldry, it is not customary to depict a specific person on coats of arms. But it should also be borne in mind that the portrait image of S. Yulaev has not been preserved. Therefore, it was impossible to present his image on the coat of arms in any case.
The history of the adoption of the coat of arms
Let's talk about other projects that claimed to become a state symbol. The history of the adoption of the coat of arms is quite remarkable. A total of 40 project options were submitted to the commission's judgment. One of them was selected and proposed for consideration to a higher authority - the Supreme Council. This version of the emblem depicts Tolpar (winged horse), as well as the flag of Bashkortostan, located vertically. The frame was made in the form of a national ornament, and there was also an inscription "Bashkortostan". The horse symbolized the power of man, the aspiration of the Bashkir people to the future. After all, this animal is a faithful companion of man. He also personified fidelity to his duty, nobility. The horse is found in the epic tales of many peoples, including the Bashkir. Prosperity and rebirth was symbolized by the golden color of the ornament.
Another coat of arms project - a round shield divided into 2 parts. At the top of it was depicted onwhite background the sun rising over the Urals, the rays of which diverge in all directions. The lower half shows the blue-tinted Ural Mountains. Against their background is a running white wolf. The coat of arms was decorated with a green border. In the mythological traditions of the peoples of North America and Eurasia, the image of the wolf is associated mainly with the cult of the ancestor of the tribe and the leader of the fighting squad. Since ancient times, the Turks had the idea of a wolf-progenitor. According to one of the hypotheses about where the word "bashkort" came from, it was associated with such a concept as "wolf's head". It is believed that in the Southern Urals in the 7th-8th centuries, the Turkic Khan, whose name was Bashkort, laid the foundations of statehood. Later he died in the war with Byzantium. Both of these projects, after discussion, were rejected by the Supreme Council.
General characteristics of Bashkortostan
The subject of the Russian Federation we are interested in currently occupies an area of about 144 thousand square meters. km. The regions of Bashkortostan are inhabited by approximately 4 million people, representatives of 80 nationalities. More than a quarter of them live in the capital, Ufa. There are 20 cities in the Republic of Bashkortostan in total. These cities (with the exception of a few) were founded quite recently. Only 4 of them have a long history (Birsk, Belebey, Sterlitamak, Ufa). The rest appeared during the years of industrial construction on the site of workers' settlements, when Bashkortostan was developing especially actively. The cities that are young are the following: Blagoveshchensk, Agidel, Davlekanovo, Beloretsk, Baymak, Meleuz, Kumertau, Ishimbay, Dyurtyuli,Salavat, Oktyabrsky, Neftekamsk, Tuymazy, Sibay, Yanaul, Uchaly.
The territory of this subject is relatively small. About 0.8% of the total area of the Russian Federation is occupied by Bashkortostan. Its ecology is determined by the culture and structure of production, climatic conditions and geographical location. This region is characterized by a variety of natural resources and conditions. It is located at the crossroads of Asia and Europe, in the transition zone to the Ural Mountains from the East European Plain. Therefore, the nature of Bashkortostan combines the features of heterogeneous spaces.
In the bowels of Bashkiria there are almost all types of natural resources that the Urals are famous for. In addition, the Cis-Urals endowed the republic with oil, thanks to which the rapid growth of industry began.
Regions of Bashkortostan are mostly inhabited by townspeople. However, the role of agriculture in the region's economy is still significant. There are 51 rural areas, about 5 million hectares of arable land are occupied in the land fund. In terms of output of livestock and agriculture products, Bashkiria occupies one of the leading places among other subjects of the Russian Federation and first in the Ural region.
Ufa
Ufa (Bashkortostan) - the capital of the region, a major industrial, administrative, scientific and cultural center of the Cis-Urals. This city is located on the banks of the river. White. Ufa is located 100 km west of the Southern Urals, and the distance from Moscow is 1519 km. 53 km - the length of the capital of Bashkortostan from north to south, 28 km - from west to east.
The city of Ufa is rich in water resources, forestarrays. It is located in an area of rolling plains, which makes it attractive for skiing. Several sports complexes were equipped in Ufa and are very popular: "Biathlon", "Springboard", "Olympic Park", "Ak yort".
Etymology of the name of the capital
Researchers still do not have an unequivocal opinion about the etymology of the name "Ufa". According to the theory of N. K. Dmitriev, the largest Turkologist, the name goes back to the word "uba", in the ancient Turkic language meaning "mountainous place", "mound", "hill". According to another version, it comes from the hydronym "Uppa", the ancient name of the river "Ufa", which is of Finno-Ugric origin. There is also an unlikely version of the legend, according to which a traveler, who stopped to rest at the site of the founding of this city, said "Uf, Allah", which means "Oh, Allah!"
Ancient and modern city of Ufa
In ancient times there was a large and rich city on the site of today's Ufa. Probably, it was a trading one, caravan routes went through it, connecting various cities of the Volga region, Siberia, and Central Asia. It is customary to count the official history from the moment the fortress was built, that is, from 1574.
Ufa is a major transport hub even today. It is located at the intersection of air, railway, automobile, pipeline, river highways that connect the European part of our country with Siberia and the Urals. Ufa is the only city in Russiawith the exception of Moscow), in which 2 federal highways converge: M5 Ural and M7 Volga. The airport of the capital of Bashkortostan carries out international flights to the states of Asia and Europe.
G. Ufa (Bashkortostan) when viewed from above looks like a huge hourglass, laid on its side. The jumper, along which the flow of cars "flows" from one part of it to another, is a swift avenue, the length of which is more than 10 km.
Restoring the historical appearance
What else can you say about a city like Ufa (Bashkortostan)? The capital of the region has been actively developing recently, its population has rapidly increased compared to the last century. In Ufa at the beginning of the last century, there were about 50-60 thousand inhabitants. Today there are more than 1.1 million of them. Approximately 40% of the industrial potential is concentrated in the capital. The city quickly expanded up and down. Time constantly erased the traces of the past. Of course, new buildings are joyful and desirable, but it is becoming more and more obvious that the appearance of the old Ufa is being lost, that the new generation of city residents cannot have a visual idea of how it looked before. Therefore, it was decided to restore some of the streets as they were at the dawn of the last century. The best roofers, carpenters, stove-makers set to work. They came from all parts of the republic. Today, in the premises of the memorial complex created by common labor, there are expositions of the Museum of Ethnography. In it you can learn about the various peoples inhabiting Bashkortostan. These rooms also host temporary exhibitions, whichcorrespond to the nature of this museum.
Architectural appearance of Ufa
In general, we can say that there are very few old buildings in Ufa. Almost the entire city was built in recent decades. Therefore, the architectural appearance of Ufa is an abundance of concrete and glass. In the design of the city, however, motifs of Bashkir folk art and national ornaments were used. The style, however, turned out to be international. This is due to the mutual influence of different cultures of the peoples of the USSR.
To this day, however, some temples belonging to the era of classicism have survived. These are the Church of the Savior (built in 1824) and the Church of the Intercession (1823). Other architectural monuments are also noteworthy: the governor's house, Bishop's house, Lenin's house-museum (pictured above), the building of the noble assembly, the house of S. T. Aksakov, the house of M. V. Nesterov.
Cultural and educational institutions
When exploring the city, you should pay attention to the Opera and Ballet Theater (pictured below). This is a wonderful architectural monument. Within the walls of the theater, the national ballet and opera were born and grew up. Outstanding artists from Leningrad and Moscow took part in the development of this cultural institution. Rudolf Nureyev, the great master of dance, shone before the audience within these walls.
The center of Bashkortostan, where before 1919 there was not a single theater, now boasts 10 state ones. In addition, the local Philharmonic gathers a lot of listeners. Especially popular today is the Drama Theater. MajitaGafuri, the same age as the republic. His performances always gather a full house.
Graduates have a wide choice. There are more than 30 universities in various areas of training in Bashkortostan.
Banks of Ufa
Today there are 83 banks in Ufa. They are represented by 1776 ATMs and 430 branches. These banks are ready to provide clients with 274 cash lending programs, 12 deposits, 28 mortgage lending programs, 19 business lending programs and 29 car loans. As you can see, from this point of view, Ufa does not lag behind other large cities of the Russian Federation. Currency, loans, deposits, mortgages - all this is of interest to many today, so it seemed relevant to us to mention the banks that are located in the capital of this region.
So, we talked in general terms about such a subject of our country as Bashkortostan. Its capital was also briefly described. This region, as you can see, has a rich history and traditions. The culture of the Republic of Bashkortostan is a separate interesting topic.
