In 1917, after the February Revolution, the first coalition provisional government appeared. In order to understand the meaning of this definition, let's delve into the historical events of that time.
Causes of the Russo-Japanese War
One of the reasons for the emergence of a coalition government is the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Russia in this period of time was a strong power. Its influence began to spread to Europe and the Far East. Korea and China were the first targets.
Japan did not like the Russian intervention. She wanted to get the Liaodong Peninsula, which belonged to China, but the Russian Empire made a deal and rented the peninsula and sent troops to the neighboring province of Manchuria.
Japanese requirements
Japan made demands: Russia must leave the province. Nicholas II understood that this territory was extremely important for the spread of Russian influence in the Far East, and refused to withdrawtroops. Thus began the Russo-Japanese War.
Results of the Russo-Japanese War
Both powers were strong, fierce battles were fought over the territory. A year later, the Russian troops began to retreat. The Japanese army, still combat-ready, was also exhausted. Japan's proposal to Russia to conclude a treaty to end the war turned out to be successful. In August 1905, both sides signed a peace agreement.
According to the document, Port Arthur and the southern lands of the Sakhalin Peninsula joined Japan. So the Japanese state increased its influence on the territory of Korea, and Russia, as the losing side, received nothing.
The results of the Russian-Japanese war led to the fact that dissatisfaction with the reign of Nicholas II only intensified. The political crisis has arrived.
Prerequisites for the 1905-1907 Revolution
In 1905-1907. revolution broke out in Russia. There were several reasons for the coup d'état:
- the government did not want to carry out liberal reforms to legalize free trade, inviolability of private property, freedom of choice;
- poverty of peasants;
- 14 hour day;
- forced Russification of the state;
- defeat in the Russian-Polish war.
Revolution
Provoked popular unrest Bloody Sunday January 9, 1905 Workers refused to go to work and staged a peaceful demonstration after the unfair dismissal of 4 employees of the Putilov enterprise. Participants of the rally, about 100 people,shot.
In the autumn of 1905 the trade unions rallied against the government. Then Nicholas II made concessions:
- created the State Duma;
- signed a document guaranteeing freedom of speech and the press.
Representatives of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and employees of the Constitutional Democratic Party announced the end of the revolution. But in December 1905, an armed coup attempt took place, which was neutralized in the first half of 1907, after the creation of the second State Duma - the first did not stay in power.
Results of the revolution
Results of the revolution of 1905-1907. are:
- appearance of the State Duma;
- legitimization of the actions of political parties;
- cancellation of redemption payments of peasants;
- affirming the right of peasants to freedom of movement and the right to independently choose a city for residence;
- permission to organize trade unions;
- reducing the working day.
World War I
The situation during the First World War, which began in 1914, was devastating for the state. Russian economy after the revolution of 1905-1907. was in decline. The participation of the state in the world war only exacerbated the situation. The crisis manifested itself in hunger, poverty, the disorder of the military. The closure of a large number of plants and factories has led to a lack of jobs.
February Revolution
Problems in economic, political and class issues were not resolved. The discontent of the people led to the February Revolution of 1917. The overthrow of Nicholas II, the creation of a coalition government - all this became a necessary measure to overcome the crisis. In addition, after the coup d'état, Russia automatically withdrew from World War I.
Coalition Government
Let's start with a term. A coalition government is an interim government that is created by an alliance of several parties in a parliamentary state only. This is due to the fragmentation of deputies between numerous parties. The need to form a coalition government lies in the goal of creating a stable political system.
After the French Revolution, power changed four times. Members of the State Duma offered Nicholas II a choice of different lists of persons for the new government. The king did not agree. After the victory of the participants in the February Revolution, on March 1, 1917, he signed the document and resigned as head of state.
First coalition government
After the decision of the Provisional Committee of the Duma, on May 5, the first coalition government was formed. It was a desperate attempt to stabilize the economy in the country and establish a democratic path of development. The people who came to power liked the Mensheviks less than the Bolsheviks. The naval offensive program proposed by Minister of War Kerensky did not meet with support among the population. There was a political crisis in July.
Second coalition government
The Second Coalition Government was created under the command of Kornilov. Kerensky, appointed to the postMinister-Chairman, began a trial of the leaders of the Bolshevik Party, and representatives of the Socialists took half the seats in the Duma. But this coalition government also collapsed.
Third Coalition Government
The desire to create a state without representatives of the bourgeoisie at the top of power led to the convening of the Democratic Conference on September 24 - the Mensheviks were unable to rally forces against the Bolsheviks. Then they agreed to the creation of the Third Coalition Government of Kerensky, who became the head of the state administration apparatus. Power belonged to him until December 15, 1917. He was overthrown during another coup d'etat, which was prepared by Lenin and Trotsky.
In Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, coalition governments are provisional governments that tried to stop the fall of the economy after hostilities and revolutions in order to introduce a democratic form of government. In total, three such governments were created, but none of them could retain power.
