Chemistry is the most important science, which is applied in the modern world by us already mechanically. A person does not think about what he uses in everyday life the discoveries made by scientists in his time. Cooking according to ordinary and unusual recipes, gardening - feeding plants, spraying, protecting against pests, using medicines from a home first aid kit, applying your favorite cosmetics - chemistry has given us all these opportunities.
Thanks to many years of work, great chemists have made our world exactly like this - convenient and comfortable. More details about some discoveries and names of scientists can be found in the article.
The formation of chemistry as a science
As an independent science, chemistry began to develop only in the second half of the 18th century. The great chemists, who gave the world many interesting and useful discoveries in the field of research of chemical elements, made a huge contribution to the formation of the world in its current form.
Thanks to the work of scientists, today we can enjoy a lot of advantages in everyday life. Chemistry became a strict discipline only with the help of painstaking work and a clear distribution of the basic concepts in science, which were carried out for a long time by the greatchemists.
Discovery of new chemical elements
At the beginning of the 19th century, the scientist Jens Jakob Berzelius lived and worked in Sweden. He devoted his entire life to chemical research. He received the title of professor of chemistry at the Medical and Surgical Institute, was listed in the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences as an honorary foreign representative. He was the President of the Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Jens Jakob Berzelius was the first scientist to propose using letters to name chemical elements. His idea was successfully picked up and used to this day.
Discovery of new chemical elements - cerium, selenium and thorium - the merit of Berzelius. The idea of determining the atomic masses of a substance also belongs to the scientist. He invented new instruments, methods of analysis, laboratory techniques, studied the structure of matter.
The main contribution of Berzelius to modern science is the explanation of the logical connection between many chemical concepts and facts that seemed unrelated to each other, as well as the creation of new concepts and the improvement of chemical symbolism.
The place of man in the development of evolution
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, the great Soviet scientist, devoted his life to the development of a new science - geochemistry. Being a naturalist, scientist, researcher, and by education a biologist, Vladimir Ivanovich created two new scientific directions - biogeochemistry and geochemistry.
The significance of atoms in the earth's crust and in the universe became the basis of research in these sciences, which were immediately recognized as important andnecessary. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky analyzed the entire system of chemical elements of Mendeleev and divided them into groups according to their participation in the composition of the earth's crust.
It is impossible to unequivocally name Vernadsky's activities in any particular area: he was in life a biologist, a chemist, a historian, and an expert in the natural sciences. The place of man in the development of evolution was determined by scientists as having an impact on the world around, and not associated with simple observation and obedience to the laws of nature, as previously thought in the scientific world.
Oil research and the invention of the coal gas mask
Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky became the founder of petrochemistry and organic catalysis, created a scientific school.
Research on the origin of oil, discoveries in the field of hydrocarbon synthesis, the reaction for obtaining alpha-amino acids - these are the merits of Nikolai Dmitrievich.
In 1915, a scientist created a coal gas mask. During gas attacks by the British and Germans in World War I, a lot of soldiers died on the battlefields: out of 12,000 people, only 2,000 remained alive. Zelinsky Nikolai Dmitrievich, together with scientist V. S. Sadikov developed a method of calcining coal and laid it in the basis for the creation of a gas mask. Millions of Russian soldiers have been saved by this invention.
Zelinsky was awarded three times the State Prize of the USSR and other awards, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and Honored Scientist, was appointed an honorary representative of the Moscow Societytesters of nature.
Development of the chemical industry
Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilyevich - an outstanding Russian scientist. He contributed to the development of the chemical industry in Russia, discovered naphthenes, and conducted deep and detailed studies of Caucasian oil.
The Russian Chemical Society was organized in Russia in 1868 thanks to this scientist. In his life he achieved academic titles, served as a professor in the Department of Chemistry. He defended several dissertations, which made a significant contribution to the development of science. The topic of dissertations was research in the field of isomerism of fatty acids, as well as the mutual influence of atoms in chemical compounds.
During the war Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilyevich was sent to serve in a military hospital. There he led the disinfection work, and he himself suffered from infection with typhus. He suffered a severe illness, but did not leave his profession. After 25 years of service, Markovnikov was left in the service for another 5 years, due to his excellent knowledge of his business and professionalism.
At Moscow University, Vladimir Vasilievich lectured at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, and handed over the head of the department to Professor Zelinsky, because. the state of he alth of the scientist was no longer the best. Among the main discoveries of the scientist are the production of suberon, the rules for the course of reactions as a result of elimination and substitution (Morkovnikov's rules), the discovery of a new class of organic compounds - naphthenes.
Reactions between gases and chemistrycements
Outstanding French scientist Henri Louis le Chatelier became a pioneer in the field of chemistry in terms of studying combustion processes, as well as studying the chemistry of cements.
The processes occurring in reactions between gases also became the object of the scientist's research.
The main idea, which was a red line in all the works of Henri Louis le Chatelier, is the close connection of scientific discoveries with problems that are becoming a priority in industry. His book "Science and Industry" is still popular in scientific circles.
The scientist devoted a lot of time to researching the reactions that occur with firedamp. All the processes that can occur with gas - ignition, combustion, detonation - were studied in detail by Henri Louis and he also proposed new methods of metallurgical and heat engineering calculations. The scientist won recognition and fame not only in France, but throughout the world.
Quantum Chemistry
The founder of the theory of orbitals was John Edward Lennard Jones. This English scientist was the first to put forward the hypothesis that the electrons of a molecule are in separate orbitals that belong to the molecule itself, and not to individual atoms.
The development of quantum chemical methods is the merit of Lennard-John. For the first time, it was John Edward Lennard Jones who began to use the connection in diagrams between the one-electron levels of molecules and the corresponding levels of the original atoms. The surface of the adsorbent and the atom of the adsorbate became the subject of research for the scientist. He hypothesized thatthat a chemical bond can exist between the elements, and devoted many works to proving his hypothesis. During his career he was appointed a member of the Royal Society of London.
Proceedings of scientists
In general, chemistry is the science of the study and transformation of various substances, changing their shell and the result obtained after the onset of the reaction. The world's great chemists have devoted their lives to this discipline.
Chemistry captivated, captivated and beckoned with its ignorance, a wonderful combination of the unknown with a delightful result, to which scientists unexpectedly, or, on the contrary, expectedly, came. Studies of atoms, molecules, chemical elements, their composition, options for their combination and many other experiments led scientists to the most important discoveries, the results of which we use today.
