In 1618, on December 1 (11), after the unsuccessful attempt of the Poles to take Moscow, an agreement was concluded between Russia and the Commonwe alth in the village of Deulino. This peace treaty established a war-free period of 14.5 years. The agreement went down in history as the Deulin Truce.
Start of war
Officially, 1609 is considered the start of the Russian-Polish war. The first years of the military campaign were extremely successful for the Polish-Lithuanian troops. In the period from 1609 to 1612 they conquered and established their power in a large area of the western part of Russia. This region also included the largest fortress of Smolensk at that time. The position of Russia in those years was extremely unstable. After Vasily Shuisky was overthrown, a provisional government came to power, consisting of authoritative representatives of the boyar families. On their behalf, in August 1610, an agreement was signed on the erection of the Polish prince Vladislav Vasa to the Russian throne and the introduction of a Polish garrison into Moscow. However, these were not plans.destined to come true. In 1611-1612, a militia was created in Moscow, speaking with sharply anti-Polish views. These forces manage to first push the Polish-Lithuanian troops out of the territory of the Moscow region, and later, in 1613-1614, from a number of large Russian cities.
Second attempt
In 1616, Vladislav Vaza united with the Lithuanian hetman Jan Chodkiewicz and again made an attempt to take the Russian throne. It should be said that at that time it already belonged to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. The soldiers of the united army were lucky: they managed to liberate Smolensk, besieged by Russian troops, and move inland up to Mozhaisk. Having received reinforcements from the Ukrainian Cossacks in 1618 under the leadership of Hetman Petro Sahaydachny, the army of the Commonwe alth reached Moscow. After an unsuccessful assault on the Russian capital, the Polish-Lithuanian army retreats to the area of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Pyotr Sahaidachny with his people retreats to the Kaluga region. Under the circumstances, Russia, having just survived the Time of Troubles and a war on two fronts, was forced to sign a peace treaty on obviously unfavorable terms.
First stage of concluding a contract
The Presnya River is considered to be the starting point for negotiations. They took place in 1618, on October 21 (31). The first meeting did not bring much results. The parties made maximum demands on each other. So, representatives of Vladislav Vaz insisted on recognizing him as the only legitimate Russian tsar and demandedtransition under his leadership of the Pskov, Novgorod and Tver lands. The Russians, in turn, insisted on the immediate return of all regions and the withdrawal of enemy troops from Russian territory. The second meeting, which took place on October 23 (November 2), 1618, was more successful. The Russian side demanded a twenty-year truce, agreeing to cede Roslavl and Smolensk in return. The Polish side refused the claims of Vladislav Vaza to the Russian throne, but at the same time demanded to give the Pskov lands. Also, representatives of the Commonwe alth insisted on the return of all previously conquered Lithuanian regions and full reimbursement of expenses incurred during the war.
Second stage
After the Polish-Lithuanian army moved to the area of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, negotiations continued there. At the same time, time played against both participants in the military conflict. The Polish-Lithuanian army experienced great difficulties with the supply of food, the coming cold brought more and more trouble. Constant interruptions in funding fueled the general dissatisfaction of the mercenaries, among whom thoughts were already appearing to leave the location of the army. In this situation, extortions and robberies of the local population by the Polish-Lithuanian soldiers flourished, the Cossacks were especially distinguished in this. The protracted war had an extremely negative impact on the mood of the inhabitants of Moscow, some of whom were in favor of the Polish tsar. The people are tired of Troubles and wars. As a result of the negotiations, the main points of the truce were agreed upon. Disagreements aroseaccording to the list of cities transferred under the control of the Commonwe alth. Also, the parties could not agree on the terms of the truce and the titular powers of Mikhail Romanov and Vladislav Vaza. On November 20 (30), 1618, representatives of the Russian embassy arrived under the walls of the monastery. The result of the three-day negotiations was the signing of the Deulin Truce. The Russian side, under pressure from the Polish-Lithuanian government, had to abandon a number of its demands and make concessions.
Basic conditions
The "Deulino truce" with the Commonwe alth was established for a period of 14 years and 6 months, namely from December 25, 1619 to June 25, 1633. At the disposal of the Commonwe alth passed: Smolensk, Roslavl, Dorogobuzh, Belaya, Serpeysk, Novgorod-Seversky, Trubchevsk, Chernihiv, Monastyrsky, including the surrounding lands. The following cities were returned to Russia: Vyazma, Kozelsk, Meshchovsk, Mosalsk instead of such cities as Starodub, Pochepa, Nevel, Krasnoe, Sebezh, Popova Gora, including the surrounding lands. The "Deulino truce" with Poland provided for the transfer of the cities indicated in it with their environs until 1619, February 15 (25). Together with cities and lands, the inhabitants and property located on it were transferred. Until the same date (1619, February 15 (25)), all Polish-Lithuanian and Ukrainian troops were to leave the territory of Russia. Also, the "Deulino truce" provided for the exchange of prisoners of war. He was appointed on February 15 (25), 1619. "Deulinskytruce" provided for the return to Russia only for merchants, nobles and clergy. Under the terms of the armistice agreement, the Russian tsar no longer owned the titles of the Livonian, Smolensk and Chernigov rulers. The icon of St. Nicholas, captured by the Polish-Lithuanian troops in Mozhaisk, was transferred to Russia. Under the terms of the agreement land surveying of the border lands was scheduled for the summer of 1619. The "Deulino Truce" gave the right to free movement on the territory of the countries that signed it to Russian and Polish-Lithuanian merchants. The exceptions were the cities of Krakow, Vilna and Moscow. Vladislav Vaza defended the right to be referred to in official documents as Polish -Lithuanian state by the Russian Tsar.
Historical value
The Truce of Deulino in 1618 is the biggest military and political success of the Commonwe alth in the confrontation with Russia. The borders of the Polish-Lithuanian state moved far to the east. In the period from 1616 to 1622, the territory of the Commonwe alth reached its historical maximum (990 thousand km²). The "Deulino truce" officially confirmed the claims to the Russian throne by the Polish king and the Lithuanian prince. For Russia, the signing of the armistice agreement, at first glance, looked extremely disadvantageous. However, it was precisely thanks to the end of the war with the Polish-Lithuanian army that the necessary calm after the Time of Troubles came to the country. A few years later, having gathered strength, Russia violated the terms of the truce by starting the Smolensk War. The result was a complete rejection. Vladislav from claims to the throne. Russia was able to finally restore its territorial losses only during the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667.
