The famous revolutionary Pavel Efimovich Dybenko was born on February 28, 1889 in the small Chernihiv village of Lyudkovo. His parents were ordinary peasants in central Russia. The social and financial situation of the family left an imprint on the boy's life path. He received his primary education in a rural school. This was followed by three years in the city school. Further study for a peasant son was simply not affordable.
Dybenko Pavel Efimovich started working at the age of 17. In Lithuanian Novoaleksandrovsk, he entered the service of the local treasury. However, the young man did not stay there for long. He was fired because of revolutionary hobbies. In 1907, the young man made a fateful decision and joined the Bolshevik circle (formally in the party since 1912). The first Russian revolution ended the day before, but underground organizations continued their activity.
Serving in the Navy
Since 1908 Pavel Efimovich Dybenko lived in Riga. In 1911, he began serving in the B altic Fleet. The need to pay military duty did not appeal to Dybenko - he tried to hide, but the evader was arrested and forcibly sent to the recruiting station. so youngBolshevik became a sailor. The place of his service was the island of Kotlin, where the city of Kronstadt was located.
Dybenko visited the crews of several ships, in particular the training ship "Dvina" and the battleship "Emperor Pavel I". The sailor worked as an electrician, and later was promoted to non-commissioned officer. In 1913 he took part in a foreign campaign, visited England, France and Norway.
World War I
In 1914 the First World War began. Dybenko Pavel Efimovich ended up in an active squadron and took part in several combat sorties in the B altic Sea. Several years of service did not dull his revolutionary moods. On the contrary, as a naval cadre, he proved to be a very valuable agitator for the Bolshevik Party. At the same time, Dybenko was under the covert supervision of the Okhrana. He was in the “risk group” and that is why he was decommissioned from his ship when the B altic Fleet survived the uprising of sailors on the Gangut battleship for the first time in the war.
Riga, well known to the revolutionary, turned out to be the place where Dybenko Pavel Efimovich was sent. The biography of the military man could remain associated exclusively with the fleet, but now he had to find a use for himself on the land front. After three months of service, he received a term in Helsingfors prison for defeatist agitation. The conclusion was short-lived. Soon Dybenko was returned to the fleet as a battalion. Despite all his previous misadventures, the Bolshevik continued his revolutionary activities.
Between February and October
In 1917, Pavel Dybenko found himself in the thick of things. After the appearance of the Provisional Government, he joined the Helsingfors Council, where he was a deputy from the fleet. As an ardent Bolshevik, he was distinguished by the most radical views. It was Pavel Dybenko who led the greatest propaganda activity in the B altic Fleet during the anti-government speech of his party in July 1917. That summer, most of the Bolsheviks were arrested, and Lenin fled and hid in Razliv.
Dybenko Pavel Efimovich also went to prison. The short biography of this revolutionary is full of episodes of arrests and imprisonment. This time he ended up in Kresty, where Trotsky was staying at the same time. In early September, along with other Bolsheviks, Dybenko was released. The provisional government decided that the marginal party had lost its influence and lost support among the masses. This view proved to be a fatal fallacy.
Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly
On the night when Lenin's supporters seized power in Petrograd, Dybenko led the transfer of revolutionary-minded sailors from Kronstadt to the capital. The merits of the Bolshevik before the new Soviet government were significant. After the October Revolution, he was immediately introduced to the Council of People's Commissars, where he became People's Commissar for Maritime Affairs.
The B altic Fleet also remembered how much Dybenko Pavel Efimovich did for the coup. The date of birth of the new state practically coincided with the convocation of the Constituent Assembly. Dybenkowas elected as its deputy as a delegate from the B altic Fleet. On the day of the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, the Bolshevik led a large group of sailors who actually disbanded this democratically elected body.
Against the Germans
The Bolsheviks who came to power found themselves in an extremely difficult situation. On the one hand, the white movement was gaining strength, and on the other, until the signing of the Brest peace, the war with the Germans continued. In early 1918, they continued their offensive in the B altic. To cut across the invaders, sailors were sent, led by Dybenko Pavel Efimovich. The personal life of the revolutionary on the eve was marked by a joyful event: he married a comrade-in-arms Alexandra Kollontai, who in the future became famous in the diplomatic field.
However, there was no time left for family matters. Dybenko's detachment encountered the Germans near Narva. The sailors, inferior to the enemy in all respects, left the city. Soon the detachment was disarmed by their own. For an oversight, Dybenko was expelled from the party (reinstated in 1922). In a sense, the revolutionary was lucky - he was not shot, but sent to underground work in Odessa (past merits affected).
On the fronts of the Civil War
In the autumn of 1918, Pavel Dybenko ended up in the Ukrainian Soviet Army. He led the partisan division, which included supporters of Nestor Makhno. The most important success of this formation was participation in the capture of the Crimea. DivisionDybenko was the first to establish control over the key Perekop Isthmus. However, those successes have been variable. Soon the supporters of the Bolsheviks had to retreat.
Dybenko Pavel Yefimovich also left. The photo of the commander again began to appear in Soviet newspapers - he returned to Moscow and became one of the first students of the newly opened Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army. The situation at the fronts was restless, and the half-educated Dybenko was again sent to the front. At the end of 1919, he took part in the liberation of Tsaritsyn, where Stalin and the future marshals Budyonny and Yegorov also noted.
Double Fighter
New 1920 Dybenko met on the way. His division pursued the retreating Denikin. By spring, the commander reached the Caucasus. Then Pavel Efimovich returned to the Crimea, where the remnants of the Whites under the command of Wrangel resisted with their last breath. In September 1920, a participant in the Civil War returned to the academy that had been abandoned shortly before.
A few months later, during the next party congress, the famous Kronstadt uprising of sailors broke out. Dybenko knew this contingent very well. Therefore, it is not surprising that it was his party that sent sailors dissatisfied with hardships and unjustified expectations to suppress the rebellion. Then Dybenko came under the command of Tukhachevsky. In April 1921, both commanders were together again - this time they suppressed the peasant uprising of the Antonovites in the Tambov province.
Lateryears
After returning to civilian life, Pavel Efimovich Dybenko and Kollontai began to occupy all kinds of leadership positions. The husband is in the army, the wife is in the party and diplomatic service. During the 20s and 30s. Dybenko led many military formations in the Red Army.
The fate of the old Bolshevik has developed according to knurled. When Stalin began purges in the Red Army, Dybenko at first acted as a reliable perpetrator of terror. He repressed wards in the Leningrad military district, where he was commander. The apogee of Dybenko's service was his participation in the trial of Marshal Tukhachevsky in the summer of 1937. And just a few months after this episode, he himself was removed from all his posts. Several personnel changes followed. As a result, Dybenko got a job at the People's Commissariat for the Forest Industry and began to manage the logging in the Gulag. In February 1938, he was arrested.
Pavel Dybenko, according to the then tradition, was accused of spying for foreign intelligence and even of having links with Tukhachevsky, whom he himself helped imprison. The famous military leader of the Civil War was shot on July 29, 1938. He was rehabilitated after the XX Party Congress in 1956.
