Serfdom, the definition of which was revealed for the first time, as the dependence of peasants on the power of the feudal lord and the administrative and judicial nature, was the hardest in Europe.
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The jurisdiction of the judicial and administrative power of a certain feudal lord was inherited from the peasants. They were deprived of the right to alienate land plots and purchase real estate.
It is worth noting that serfdom in Russia dates back to Kievan Rus and lasted until the middle of the 19th century. For the first time, there is a mention of serfdom in Russkaya Pravda, where in the norms of law one can see the inequality of the provisions of the estate. It says here that one cannot refer to the testimony of a serf. In the event that there is no free person as a witness, then it is quite possible to point to the boyar tyun. If necessary, in a small claim, it is possible to refer to the purchase.
Purchase is a free man who worked for a farmer, he was called a stink. Another form of dependent people in tsarist Russia was the ryadovichi - these are peasants who entered into an agreement, a number.
Serfdom in Russia enslaved the population in the period from the 15th to the 17th centuries. The Sudebnik of 1497 satisfied the necessary requirements for the ruling class. The restriction of the peasant output was formalized at the legislative level. Now the peasant, at each departure, was required to contribute the elderly - a certain amount of the agreed size, which was mandatory for all peasants. The size of the elderly was determined by the courtyard in which the courtyard was located: a forest or steppe strip.
Compared to the letters of the XIV-XV centuries, the judicial code made serfdom in Russia tougher. This is especially evident in the second part of the Sudebnik, where the exit of the large and most mobile mass of the population from the countryside, who were called newcomers, or new row-sellers, is limited. We are talking about peasants who, after an annual or other short period, moved to another farmer.
The Code of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich of 1597 gave the right to the landowner for five years and return to its owner. The term for the search for fugitive peasants is increased by the Decree of 1642, which was issued by Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. In accordance with it, fugitive peasants were searched for for ten years, and those who were taken out - for 15 years.
By the conciliar regulation of 1649, Alexei Mikhailovich introduced a complete ban on the transition of peasants and St. George's Day as well. Thus, the peasant was attached to the owner and not to the land. Under the reign of Peter 1, it makes it possible to leave the peasantry through recruitment. Despite the fact that serfdom in Russia lasted for several centuries, there were no general measures to attach peasants.
It is worth noting that serfdom in Europe did not have such a long and difficult period of time as in tsarist Russia. Here it was introduced and canceled several times.
Already in the middle of the 14th century, the labor of the peasants, who had become too extinct after the plague, became more valuable. If previously European peasants were slaves, now they have already lost this status, but were not yet free.
