The participial and participle constructions in English, in contrast to the same constructions in Russian, do not have such obvious differences. To express them, special forms of the verb are used - Present Participle (present participle) and Past Participle (past participle).
Formation of the present participle
The table below shows examples. To form a present participle from a verb, you must add the ending -ing to it.
| Verb | Verb translation | Present participle / gerund participle | Translation (as participle) | Translation (as gerund) |
| Run | Run | Running | Running, running, running, running | Running |
| Read | Read | Reading | Reader, reader, reader, reader | Reading |
| Sing | Sing | Singing | Singing, singing, singing, singing | Singing |
| Jump | Jump | Jumping | Bouncing, jumping, jumping, jumping | Jumping |
| Swim | Swim | Swimming | Floating, floating, floating, floating | Floating |
| Walk | Walk | Walking | Walking, walking, walking, walking | Walking |
| Listen | Listen | Listening | Listening, listening, listening, listening | Listening |
| Open | Open | Opening | Opening, opening, opening, opening | Opening |
| Wait | Wait | Waiting | Waiting, waiting, waiting, waiting | Waiting |
As the above examples show, this simple grammatical construction in English can replace several at once in Russian.
Participle turnover with present participle
How can I translate the participle into English using the Present Participle? Below are some examples.
| Example | Translation |
| The kids playing next to me are laughing loudly | Children playing near me laugh out loud |
| The girl sitting in front of by best friend is extremely cute and lovely | The girl sitting opposite my best friend is incredibly cute and attractive |
| You will find my brother at the library reading a newspaper or animproving book | You will find my brother sitting in the library reading a newspaper or educational book |
| People like to hear him talking about human rights and gender equality | People love to hear him talk about human rights and equality between men and women |
| The guy running away from a scary hound is my younger brother | The boy running away from the scary hunting dog is my little brother |
Generic phrase with present participle
Another very useful feature of the Present Participle is the formation of adverbial phrases in English. Examples of such turnovers are as follows.
| Example | Translation |
| He was telling this story laughing and joking | He told this story while laughing and joking |
| When walking down the street they observed a crowd of weird people dressed up in emerald-green cloaks | Walking down the street, they noticed a crowd of strange people dressed in emerald green raincoats |
| Having dinner with my father, don't forget not to mention your job, or he will never let me see you again | When dining with my father, remember not to mention your work or he will never let us see you again |
| Asking him for help, remember to be polite | When asking him for help, don't forget to be polite |
| He couldn't tell about his weekendwithout wearing | He couldn't talk about his weekend without cursing |
Formation of the past participle
The past participle in English for regular verbs is formed by adding the ending -ed. Below are examples.
| Verb | Translation | Past Participle | Translation (as participle) | Translation (as gerund) |
| Enter | Login | Entered | Entered, entered, entered, entered | Logging in |
| Decide | Solve | Decided | Solved, solved, solved, solved | Deciding |
| Create | Create | Created | Created, created, created, created | Creating |
| Invent | Invent | Invented | Invented, invented, invented, invented | Inventing |
| Prepare | Cooking | Prepared | Cooked, cooked, cooked, cooked | Cooking |
The Past Participle for irregular verbs can be found in the third column in the list of these verbs. It is impossible to deduce it, but to memorize it is quite real. Here are some examples.
| Verb | Translation | Past Participle | Transfer (inas a sacrament) | Translation (as gerund) |
| Bring | Bring | Brought | Brought, brought, brought, brought | Bringing |
| Buy | Buy | Bought | Bought, bought, bought, bought | Bought |
| Begin | Start | Begun | Started, started, started, started | Starting |
| Put | Put | Put | Set, set, set, set | Putting |
| Pay | Pay | Paid | Paid, paid, paid, paid | Paying |
Guided by this algorithm, you can effortlessly pick up your own examples of past participles in English.
Past participle phrase
What are examples? This design looks like this.
| Example | Translation |
| The car stolen yesterday hasn't been found yet | The car stolen yesterday has not yet been found |
| The book taken from the library two days ago is already returned | The book taken from the library two days ago has already been returned |
| The vase broken by children wasn't too expensive | The vase, taken apart by the children, was not too expensive |
| The book read by me this week was extremely interesting | The book I read on theseweekend, was incredibly interesting |
| The guy invited to the party didn't come | The guy invited to the party didn't show up |
Past participle gerund
You can formulate such a participle in English by analogy with any of the following examples.
| Example | Translation |
| Finished the work, she decided to go home as fast as she could | After finishing work, she decided to go home as quickly as she could |
| Called yesterday in the middle of the night, she asked me to come | Calling yesterday in the middle of the night, she asked me to come over |
| Helped himself, he started to help others | Taking care of himself, he began to help others |
| Bought a lot of candies, we felt happy and successful | Bought a lot of sweets, we feel happy and successful |
| Found someone's purse, my friend returned it to its owner | Finding someone's wallet, my friend returned it to its owner |
There is a rule: adverbial phrases in English are not separated by commas. Despite the fact that intonation requires a pause, English punctuation here is significantly different from Russian.
In closing
Participles and participles in English are formed in two ways, quite similar to each other. This is an easy algorithm andeasy to master if you analyze and identify a pattern between the corresponding illustrative examples.
