In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren pass the topic "Suffixes of real and passive participles." Let's take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.
Communion
What is this interesting phenomenon? To this day, disputes of linguists do not subside. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament to be an independent part of speech, since it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If we turn to the history of its occurrence, we can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it is more like an adjective. Yes, and it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), And they have the same syntactic role (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a unanimous decision.
Different educational and methodological complexes, according to which the Russian language is taught at school, also approach this situation in different ways. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya refers the participle to the verb form, and V. V. Babaitsev - to an independent part of speech. But in both textbooks, it is said that it is still not clear which category it should be classified in.
Valid
Before considering the suffixes of real and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups by meaning. The first is called real. They received such a name due to their purpose: to name signs of such objects that themselves perform an action.
Consider the example: "The wind blowing from the sea was raging."
As we can see, the wind itself blew from the sea, without resorting to anyone's help and without being affected in any way. It is these forms that are called real.
Another example: "The dog guarding the house was a large breed."
The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle "protected" belongs to the category of real ones.
Passionate
The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform an action, but are subjected to it.
Let's take an example: "The parents called to school by the teacher were worried."
In this sentence we see the participle "called out". It was formed from the verb "call". We will make sure that the parents did not decide to come to the school themselves, but at the request of the teacher. We see that the action is not performed by them.themselves, it is done on them. Therefore, they refer to such communion as passive. That is, parents, as it were, “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence on themselves.
Suffixes of real and passive present participles
Now that we have figured out the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own characteristics of word formation.
The suffixes of active and passive participles will differ depending on the tense. So, in the present tense, the following are distinguished: -usch and -yushch, as well as -ashch and -yashch. Example: rebelling, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, they are all real. For the suffering ones, they are different: -om, -im, -em. Example: drawn, persecuted, condemned.
In the real participle of the present tense, all suffixes have spelling features.
If you don't know the rules, there are many questions. For example, how should you write: struggling or struggling? The verb from which this word is formed will help us with this - fight. Let's define its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, it is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word belongs to 1 conjugation, we write -usch or -yushch. If to the second - then -ashch or -shch. Thus, we found out that in the word "struggling" it is necessary to write -yushch. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.
Better helps to remember the suffixes of real and passive participlestable. And besides, you can always turn to her if the rule suddenly flies out of your head.
Suffixes of real and passive past participles
Now, having considered the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can proceed to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this feature from the verb.
In the past tense, real participles have suffixes -vsh and -sh. For example: melted, sprouted.
The suffering ones have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, spiked.
And again, the table will help us remember the suffixes of real and passive participles.
With the first category, everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive ones it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Consider the word "offended" It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But it's not. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.
In this example, the stem of the verb "offend" ends in -et, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.
Take another example: "dressed up". And again, let's remember the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ty or -ch, then in this case we use only the suffix -enn.
We will also doand in the words "baked" (bake), "brought" (bring), "asked" (ask).
Quests
In Russian lessons, the teacher pays special attention to how and when the suffixes of real and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you understand it more fully.
First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the guys to determine their conjugation. Then it is worth giving the task to form a sacrament of different categories and tenses from them.
For example:
- stab (1 ref.) - stabbing (actual, present time), stabbing (actual, past time);
- speak (2 sp.) - speaker (actual, present temp.), spoke (actual, past temp.);
- shave (1 ref., excl.) - shaving (actual, present time), shaving (actual, past time), shaved (suffering, past time);
- offend (2 ref., excl.) - offended (suffering, present temp.), offended (suffering, past temp.).
Next, you can invite students to independently compose a text using participles, while determining their rank and time.
