Verbs are found in most Russian sentences. This is a kind of message about the actions of the subject of speech. A. N. Tolstoy argued that choosing the right verb means giving it movement.
It's not for nothing that our ancestors called speech "verb" in principle, this word is also interpreted in the dictionary by V. Dahl. Examples of verbs, their use, change will be analyzed in this article.
Verb as part of speech
The part of speech that denotes an action and answers the questions "what to do?", "what to do?" - this is the verb. Referring to independent parts of speech, it is determined by a common grammatical meaning.
For a verb, this is an action. However, this part of speech differs in shades of meaning.
- Any physical labor: cutting, hacking, knitting.
- Intellectual or speech work: observe, speak, think.
- Move an object in space: fly, run, sit.
- Subject's condition: hate, sick, sleep.
- State of nature: cold, freezing, evening.
Morphological and syntactic features
Regardingmorphological features are all kinds of forms of the verb. Examples will be discussed in detail later, but for now we will simply list them. Mood, person, tense, number, recurrence, gender, aspect and conjugation.
As for the syntactic role, most often the verb is used as a predicate, which, together with the subject, forms a predicative or grammatical basis. The verb in the sentence can spread. This function is performed by a noun or an adverb.
Infinitive
Each verb has an initial form, and it is called the infinitive. We ask the following questions: "what to do?", "what to do?". Examples of indefinite verbs: teach, draw (what to do?), learn, draw (what to do?).
This form of the verb is invariable, it does not determine the time, person and number - a purely action. Let's compare two examples: "I work in my speci alty" - "A person needs to work for life." In the first example, the verb indicates that the action takes place in the present tense, and the speaker himself performs it (the personal pronoun "I" indicates 1 person, singular). In the second, the action is indicated in principle, without specifying the number and person.
Linguists are still debating about what -t(-ti) is in the infinitive: a suffix or an ending. We agree in this article with those who position it as flexion. If the verb ends in -ch (flow, bake, burn), then this is definitely part of the root. It should be borne in mind that when changing the word, alternation may occur: oven-pecu; flow-flow;burn-burn.
The infinitive can act both as a predicate and as a subject: "To read is to know a lot." Here the first verb "read" is the subject, the second, "know" is the predicate. By the way, such cases require a special punctuation mark - a dash.
Verb types
The aspect of a verb is determined by the question it answers. In Russian, there are imperfect (what to do? what to do? what to do?) and perfect (what to do? what to do? what to do?) types of verbs. Examples: speak, speak, spoke - imperfect; say, say, said - perfect.
Verb types differ in semantic meaning. So, imperfect denotes a certain duration of action, its repetition. For example: write - write. The action has duration, duration. Compare with the meaning of the perfective verb: write - write - wrote. It indicates that the action is completed, it has some result. The same verbs define a one-time action (to shoot).
Shape of inclination
Verbs also change according to moods. There are only three of them: conditional (subjunctive), indicative and imperative.
If we talk about the indicative mood, then it allows the predicate to take the form of tense, person and number. Examples of verbs of this mood: "We are making this craft" (present tense) - "We are making this craft" (future tense) - "We are making this craft" (past tense). Or by faces: "Imade this craft" (1st person) - "You made this craft" (2nd person) - "Anna made this craft" (3rd person).
Subjunctive verbs indicate the performance of an action under certain conditions. This form is formed by adding the particle "by" ("b") to the past tense, which is always written separately. Such predicates vary in persons and numbers. The category of time is not defined. Examples of verbs: "We would solve this problem with the help of a teacher" (pl., 1 person) - "I would make this craft with the help of a teacher" (singular, 1 person) - "Anna would make this craft with with the help of the teacher" (singular, 3rd person) - "The guys would make this craft with the help of the teacher" (pl., 3rd person).
The speaker induces to some action with the help of the imperative mood. Imperative verbs are also used to prohibit an action. Examples: "Don't yell at me!" (ban) - "Wash your hands before eating!" (urge) - "Please write a letter" (request). Let's take a closer look at the last example. To give your request a polite tone, you should add the word “please” to the imperative mood verb (“be kind”, “be kind”).
It should be remembered that imperative verbs end in a soft sign, and it is also preserved in those that end in -sya and –te. There is an exception to this rule - the verb "lie down" (lie down - lie down -lie down).
Time category
The main tense forms of the verb are those that indicate the time of the action: past (they called), present (they are calling), future (they will call).
Past tense implies that the action has already ended by the time you speak. For example: "I bought this dress last year." Usually, such verbs are formed using the suffix -l- added to the stem of the infinitive: buy - bought. These predicates vary in numbers, and in units. number - and by birth. Face shape not defined.
The present tense form is characteristic only for the imperfect aspect. To form it, you need to add the personal ending of the verbs. Examples: mine - wash - wash - wash - wash.
The form of the future tense can have verbs of both types, perfect and imperfect. It is of two types: simple and complex. The first is typical for perfective verbs: I will build, glue, saw, etc. The future complex is formed by imperfective verbs. Compare: I will build, I will glue, I will saw. Thus, this form is formed with the help of the verb "to be", put in the future simple, and the infinitive.
In present and future tenses, verbs have person and number. We will talk about them below.
Person and number
If the verb is in the first person, it shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself. For example: "I temper myself every day, pouring cold water and wiping myself with snow."
That actionthe interlocutor of the speaker performs, the second person of the verb will tell us. For example: "You know perfectly well how much twice two will be." Verbs in the same form can have a generalized meaning, denote actions characteristic of any person. Most often, this can be found in proverbs: "You can't put a scarf on someone else's mouth." It is easy to distinguish such sentences: as a rule, they do not have a subject.
Verbs in the third person express the action that the subject of speaking produces or performed. "Lermontov was lonely all his life." - "The hurricane was so strong that century-old trees bent like twigs."
For each person in the singular or plural, a certain ending of verbs is characteristic. Examples: "I am flying" - "We are flying" - "You are flying" - "You are flying" - "She (he, it) is flying" - "They are flying".
Conjugation and personal verb endings
The conjugation of a verb is a form that implies its change in persons and numbers. It is not typical for all predicates, but only for those that are in the indicative mood, present or future tense.
There are two conjugations in total. Let's present them in a table.
|
I conjugation All verbs, except those with -it, plus 2 exceptions: shave, lay |
II conjugation (endings) Verbs in –it, except for shaving, laying (theyrefer to I conjugation), as well as to drive, hold, look, see, breathe, hear, hate, depend, endure, offend, twirl |
Examples of verbs | |||
| Unit h. | Mn. h. | Unit h. | Mn. h. | ||
| 1 face | -u(-u) | -eat | -u(-u) | -im | Nesem (I); talking (II) |
| 2 face | -eat | -ete | -ish | -ite | You carry, carry (I); talk, talk (II) |
| 3 face | -et | -ut(-ut) | -it | -at(-yat) | Carry, carry (I); says, say (II) |
Infinite verbs
Personal verbs, examples of which we have analyzed above, are not the only ones in the Russian language. They are opposed by those that denote an action without an actor. That's what they are called - impersonal.
They never have a subject, they act as a predicate in a sentence. Such verbs do not have the category of number. That is, they determine purely time, present and future. For example: "It's cold" (present tense) - "It will freeze even more at night" (future), "It was cold. It froze even more at night"(past).
