Russian language is quite difficult to learn. Therefore, it is very important to constantly update the memory, remembering the school curriculum, in order to maintain the level of language proficiency. Even if at school you studied for one five, repetition of the rules of your native language is necessary. And those for whom Russian is a foreign language should pay great attention to difficult topics, such as the topic of spelling personal verb endings and participle suffixes.
But first you need to understand the concepts themselves.
What is a verb?
Verbs act as an independent part of speech. Verbs are characterized by such questions as: "what to do?", "what to do?". As a rule, Russian verbs act as a predicate in sentences and express the action or state of a certain object or creature.
It is important to note that verbs can be transitive and intransitive, as well as reflexive and non-reflexive.
Verb conjugations and ruleswriting. Russian language: personal verb endings
Verb endings play a very important role in our native language. But first you need to figure out what function they perform. Personal endings help determine the conjugation of a particular verb.
So, the conjugation of the verb of the Russian language is a direct change in numbers and persons. There are only two conjugations.
Verbs of the first conjugation have the following endings: -u(-u), -et(-et), -eat(-eat), -ete(-ete), -eat(-eat).
The second conjugation is characterized by the following endings: -u(-u), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at(-yat).
Knowing the conjugation of verbs is necessary for the correct spelling of the letters "e" and "i" in unstressed endings.
It is also important to note that there are exceptions to this topic that you need to know. So, to the second conjugation of verbs with unstressed personal endings belong:
- verbs that end in -it. The exception is: shave, lay, build up;
- seven verbs ending in -et: depend, offend, endure, twirl, see, watch, hate;
- this includes four verbs that end in -at: hold, drive, breathe, hear.
Verbs of the first conjugation include other words (verbs) that end in -at, -yt, -et, -yat, -ut, -ot.
Now the main task is to determine which conjugation a particular verb belongs to and which vowel should be written in the word. To find out, you needdetermine where the stress falls in a word. This is very simple to do, because if the stress is on the end of the word, then, as a rule, there is no doubt. Because if the ending is stressed, then the conjugation is easily determined by the personal ending of the verb. But if the emphasis is not on the end of a definite verb, then you need to put the verb directly in the indefinite form, and then see which vowel comes before -t.
What is the sacrament?
The participle is often called a special form of the verb, acting as a sign of the subject. And also the participle answers the same questions as the adjective. However, sometimes one can also come across the assertion that the participle does not act as a special form of the verb, but is directly an independent part of speech. But it's not that important. It is important to know the rules for writing participles and their features. Participles are of two types - perfect and imperfect, and are also used in the present and past tenses. Most often in sentences they act as a definition, in more rare cases they can occur as a predicate.
The topic of participles and verbs in Russian is given quite a lot of attention, because mastering the spelling of personal endings of verbs and participle suffixes is a guarantee of language proficiency at a fairly high level.
Popular participle mistakes
A particularly incomprehensible topic for foreigners in Russianparticiples appear in the language, because they are not present in all languages. That is why Russian language learners are often confused about this topic. The main reason for errors is a misunderstanding of the very structure and nature of the origin of the sacrament.
The most common mistakes in participles are expressed in the incorrect use of the form, its incorrect formation. It is also a mistake to replace a verb with a participle.
Participles and their suffixes
The spelling of personal endings of verbs and participle suffixes is considered one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language. Because errors in this category of rules are very common.
As for participles, they have such features as: aspect (perfect and imperfect), past and present tense, active and passive voice and recurrence.
So, -usch, -yusch are participle suffixes indicating the first conjugation of the verb from which they were formed.
And the participle suffixes -ash, -ash indicate that the verb from which this word form was formed belonged to the second conjugation.
Actual Participles
Participles are used extremely often in Russian speech and writing. After all, they make a sentence much softer and simpler in sound, give it a more artistic look, which helps to make speech flowing and beautiful.
The active voice indicates the sign of a certain animate or inanimate object that independently performs an action. For example: "a girl who loves her mother".
But in order to correctly formulate sentences using participles, you need to know the suffixes of present participles. So, the suffixes of the present tense include: -usch, -yushch, -ashch, -yashch. For example: singing, blooming, standing, loving.
There is also the use of the active voice in the past tense. Such participles are characterized by the following suffixes: -vsh, -sh. Example: "a boy reading his father's magazine", or "a father taking his daughter to the forest".
Passion voice
Passion participles contain a sign of a certain animate or inanimate object, which is directed to a direct action.
Such participles in the present tense are formed by suffixes: -em, -om (for the 1st conjugation) and -im (for the 2nd conjugation). For example: loved, kept, read, revered, etc.
As for the rule of spelling of passive participle suffixes in the past tense, they are formed using suffixes such as: -n(n) - from verbs ending in -at, -yat, -et; -en (n) - is formed from words with the stem -it; -t - from verbs with stem ending -nut, -ot, -eret.
There are a certain number of exceptions. For example, verbs such as: revenge, sew, beat, write, etc. - do not have passive participles in the present tense.
In the past tense of such verbs: love, seek, take - passive participles,usually not formed.
Suffixes of short participles
It is important to note that participles in Russian have two forms. This is the full form of participles and short. As for the short form, such participles can only be in the passive voice. For example, adored is adored.
In the present tense, short participles are almost never used. As a rule, they are replaced by a more simplified construction with a verb. There is an opinion that short participles in the present tense do not exist in modern Russian. They were willingly replaced by gerunds.
Short participles have the same function as an adjective. They don't change at all. Short participles change by number, and if such a participle is in the plural, then they change by gender.
As for the suffixes of the participles of the short form, they include: -n and -en. For example, burned - burned, applied - applied, etc.
In conclusion, it must be said that the correct use of participles in oral and written speech indicates a decent level of knowledge of the Russian language. And with the help of them you can decorate your speech. Therefore, the spelling of personal endings of verbs and participle suffixes is a necessary topic for study in Russian. Because verbs and participles play a huge role and are used very often.
