Engineering surveys in construction are one of the mandatory stages of work preceding design activities. At this stage, specialists determine the characteristics of the terrain, the properties of the soil, the possibility of using certain structures and materials. The final results are taken into account when developing a technical solution for the planned facility. In turn, environmental surveys are part of a comprehensive survey of a particular area and also serve as a source of information for the development and justification of a construction project. In particular, the data of such studies often become the basis of environmental and hygienic documentation.
Regulatory regulation of environmental surveys
The basic rules in accordance with which exploration activities are carried out are established by the provisions of SNiP. Specialists have developed a document with requirements for which it is possible to carry out engineering and environmental surveys for construction. SP 11-102-97, for example, was calculated for use by design and survey enterprises and organizations that operate in the field ofconstruction and design.
The established rules regulate the activities of organizations interested in this area both from the point of view of legal aspects and technically. In fact, without the presence of properly executed documentation based on the results of the survey, no company will be able to develop a legally competent construction project. As a rule, environmental surveys as a result of a comprehensive survey make it possible to prepare protocols and expert opinions on several types of analyzes, depending on the requirements of the project. Without fail, developers and designers receive certificates from survey organizations on climatic characteristics and background concentrations of pollutants. But this is not all the research that is being carried out in terms of environmental research.
Scope of survey work
The basis for basic research is the so-called stock materials and information about the state of the local environment. In the process of studying the characteristics, tools for comparing similar objects that operate in similar environmental conditions can be used. Also, modern technology allows you to perform several types of shooting. This area of research also includes the interpretation of aerospace materials, as well as the use of multi-zone and radar surveys.
Of course, surveys of air and the environment in general in terms of pollution occupy a special place. Nowadays, environmental surveysrarely does without an assessment of the radiation situation, physical negative impacts on the ecosystem, testing of air pollution, etc. Hydrological resources are also being studied from various aspects in the laboratory. This category of analyzes is important both for the development of projects for residential buildings and for the construction of industrial facilities.
Collecting materials for research
Specialists collect materials that provide information on the state of the natural conditions of the area for the purpose of their further generalization and analysis. For builders directly, the information received remains relevant at almost all stages of work from the design of the foundation to the choice of roofing finishes. At the same time, not all information is obtained in the course of new laboratory tests. Part of the materials can be obtained from the archives of authorized local bodies performing security functions. In particular, these can be centers of hydrometeorological research and environmental monitoring, as well as funds of territorial design and survey organizations.
As for new research results, environmental engineering surveys involve the collection, analysis and study of components of the local natural environment. These include soil, landscape, zoogeographic and other documents that reflect the properties and characteristics of the natural components of a particular area.
Route observations
Usually route observationsprecede the main varieties of field research activities. At the same time, engineering and environmental surveys at this stage are accompanied by the decoding of landscape-indication tables, which provides for the clarification of individual features of the terrain, control of the results and adjustment with standardization. The main task of route observations is to obtain quantitative and qualitative parameters and characteristics of the components of the local environmental situation.
This part collects data on groundwater and surface water, geological environment, soil cover, flora and fauna, anthropogenic impacts, etc. In addition, environmental surveys of this kind may also include a survey of building areas. It is practiced to bypass territories with inspection of landfills, landfills, sedimentation tanks, oil storage facilities and other potentially dangerous sources of pollution.
Mine workings
At this stage, the engineering and geological conditions of the area are assessed. The composition and degree of permeability of the soil layer is analyzed, rocks are examined, and the possible presence of water-resistant components and hydraulic connection between surface water and aquifer flows is checked.
At this stage, aspects of the survey are especially manifested, in which geological and ecological surveys of the territory converge. Surveyors perform sampling of soils, groundwater and soils in order to determine the chemical composition and identify the contentunwanted items. The mine working itself is located along the alignments, which occupy a perpendicular position with respect to the boundaries of geomorphological elements.
Soil environmental surveys
Soil study can be carried out under different conditions. The purpose of the survey is to determine how the proposed structure will affect the forest and agricultural lands adjacent to the development area. Also, soil sampling can be carried out for further analysis for the possibility of placing on the territory of landfills for waste storage. Conversely, environmental surveys for construction in terms of surveying the soil layer can be carried out for the development of landscaping projects or recreational areas.
Initial parameters and soil type data are determined based on the collection and laboratory analysis of the materials taken. Again, it is not necessary to collect samples directly at the site of future development or placement of other objects. The analysis of samples that are at the disposal of territorial land cadastres is also practiced.
Assessment of harmful physical processes
When examining territories for contamination, a special concentration coefficient is used, which determines the ecological state of the area. To obtain information about the background regional level of pollution, relevant soil samples located outside the region can be taken.coverage of local anthropogenic impact. Special conditions are also provided for sampling during activities that are included in engineering and environmental surveys for construction. SP 11-102-97, in particular, prescribes to take background samples from the windward side, observing the distance from the settlements. In addition, the sampling point must be located at least 500 m from highways.
Conclusion
Despite the narrow focus of environmental studies, they make a significant contribution to the future of design and construction in a particular area. Depending on the characteristics of the development object, specialists can determine the properties of the area according to several criteria. Complex environmental surveys are also practiced, the price of which can be about 10-15 thousand rubles. It is advisable to use this option if it is planned to build a private house or a production facility. The owner will thus be able to assess not only the ecological state of the area, but also collect information on hydrological, soil and geological resources. The quality of the information received depends on the competence of the organization hired for survey work.
