For the formation of spelling skills, morphemic parsing of a word or some kind of linguistic analysis, with the help of which its structure is parsed, is very important. Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of vocabulary units: prefixes, suffixes, roots and endings. And in the article we will consider in detail the procedure for conducting this analysis.
Determining the part of speech
Why is this important? The language has mutable and invariable parts of speech. The first, for example, include:
- verbs (goes, is, will arrive);
- nouns (Africa, doll, defector);
- adjectives (direct, airy, overriding);
- participles (extinguished, hammering, lost);
- ordinal numbers (third, thousandth, millionth).
The second should include:
- functional parts of speech (prepositions, interjections, conjunctions, particles);
- adverbs (faster, louder, nearby);
- general participles (counting, running, sitting);
- indeclinable nouns(coat, coffee);
- indeclinable adjectives (bordeaux, beige);
- possessive pronouns (her, them).
Morphemic analysis should begin with highlighting the ending. And if we have an unchangeable part of speech, then it is absent. Then you can immediately proceed to the next stage of linguistic analysis.
Highlight the ending
This morpheme is responsible for the connection of words in a sentence and is changeable. Depending on the part of speech, it indicates the number, case, gender or person. To isolate the ending, you need to change the form of the word:
- den;
- at the lair;
- den.
In the first case, this is -a; in the second - and; in the third - -oh.
The part of the word without an ending is the basis, and it is constant. It is necessary to distinguish between invariable parts of speech and those where this morpheme is simply absent. This phenomenon is called zero termination. Where is it found?
Morphemic analysis allows you to highlight the most common cases:
- For masculine and feminine nouns in the nominative singular (snow - snow; joy - joy).
- For short participles and masculine adjectives, singular, standing in the nominative case (removed, honest).
- For some numerals in the nominative case (twelve, one).
- Part of plural nouns, genitive case (stocking, footcloths).
- Possessivemasculine adjectives, if they are used in the singular and nominative case (sisters, mothers).
- For conditional verbs, if they are used in the singular and past tense (would go, would get lost).
Please note: the soft sign at the end of words in all these cases acts as a softening of the consonant and is not an ending.
Word root
Having highlighted the stem of the word, which is responsible for the lexical meaning of the latter, it is necessary to isolate the root. To do this, choose related words with a similar meaning.
Let's demonstrate this using the example of the noun "submariner". Morphemic analysis of a word by composition requires finding the root. We are looking for suitable options: water, water, water, watery, plumbing. Select the root -water-.
However, homonyms should be distinguished. For comparison, consider a similar root that carries a completely different semantic load in the words: driver, leads, supply.
It is in this morpheme that one can detect a phenomenon called alternation. Attention should also be paid to this. Here are some examples:
- alternation of vowels (pick up - pick up);
- consonant alternation (run-run);
- simultaneous alternation of both vowels and consonants (lay - lay).
Please note: there are complex words where you can find more than one root. Examples of such lexical units are given just above.
Select the suffix
The morpheme responsible for the formation of words comes after the root. You should be aware that there are lexical units where there are two suffixes, or where there is none at all.
An example of the first case would be nouns formed from adjectives. They were already based on a suffix, and morphemic analysis helps to reveal this:
- guilty - guilt (root -vin-, suffixes: -n-, -ost-);
- rainy - raininess (root -rain-, suffixes: -liv-, -awn-).
Let's consider the second case. This is more common:
- for conditional verbs in the past tense (shore, brought);
- for feminine nouns in the nominative case formed from adjectives (blue);
- for masculine verbal nouns in the nominative case (running).
Looking for a prefix
Before the root there is a morpheme, which is also responsible for the formation of new words and is called a prefix. It can bring additional meaning to the existing one. For example: drove - moved out. An indication of the direction of travel appears. In this example, it is carried down.
Morphemic analysis, examples of which are given below, allows you to select not one, but several prefixes. Example: great-great-grandfather, no-dimension, no-excess, ultra-modern.
Summarizing: parsing plan, example
Perform morphemic analysis at school - this meansnot only to highlight the significant parts of the word, but also to mark them graphically. In the first picture, you can see the requirements for the designation of morphemes: the ending is enclosed in a square, the root is highlighted on top with a semicircle, the suffix is a broken line, and the prefix is a straight line. The stem of the word is underlined below.
So, let's repeat the parsing plan using the example of the word "seaside":
| Parse order | Parts of a word | Example |
| Change the form of the word and highlight the ending |
end th |
seaside seaside seaside |
| Selecting the base |
base -primorsk- |
seaside |
| Select related words and highlight the root |
root -mor- |
seaside sailor sailor sea marine |
| Define prefix |
prefix at- |
seaside |
| Select the suffix |
suffix -sk- |
seaside |
Pre-determine the part of speech. We have an adjective. It is easy to change it by numbers, cases and gender, which we could see during the analysis.
