The composition of the word is especially often asked to parse high school students. After all, thanks to such activities, children learn much better the material of word formation and the spelling of various expressions. But, despite the ease of this task, students do not always perform it correctly. What is it connected with? We will talk about this later.
General information about parsing word composition
In philological science, parsing a word by composition is called "morpheme analysis". It is believed that this is the most difficult analytical work to be done with the lexical units of our native language. But if you follow a certain algorithm, this procedure can be carried out very easily, quickly and correctly.
Composition of a word
As you know, all words in Russian consist of an ending and a stem. The last part includes: suffix, root and prefix. They are usually called morphemes.
What is a morpheme?
"Morpheme" is translated from Greekas "form". That is, it is a significant and minimal part of a word that cannot be divided into smaller units.
Morpheme has grammatical meaning and grammatical form. It is capable of passing completely different types of values, namely:
- Lexical. Its carrier is the root morpheme.
- Grammar. Its carriers are service morphemes.
- Derivational. This meaning is introduced by affixes.
Zero morphemes
It should also be noted that in addition to materially expressed, in the Russian language there are also zero morphemes, which also have grammatical meaning. Let's give an example: in the word "house" the material ending is not expressed, but in the word "carried" - the suffix and the ending of the past tense.
What are the parts of a word?
As mentioned above, the composition of the word includes: prefix, root, stem, suffix and ending. To understand how to correctly find these parts, you should define each of them:
- The ending is the changeable part of the word. As a rule, it forms forms, and also serves as a link in various phrases and sentences. However, it should be noted that the ending can also be null.
- A stem is a part of a word without an ending.
- The root is the main and most significant part of the word. Usually it reflects the common lexical meaning of all existing cognates.
- The prefix is also a significant part of the word. As a rule, sheis in front of the root. The prefix is necessary for the formation of new words.
- A significant part of a word is called a suffix. It usually comes after the root. The suffix is used to form new words.
The main stages of parsing a word by composition
The composition of a word is parsed according to a certain algorithm. In this case, it is necessary to use special graphic symbols. Consider the main stages of this analysis in more detail:
- Specialists note that in Russian there are completely different ways of parsing a word by composition. However, they all agree on one thing: first you need to find and highlight the ending. In order to do this, the parsed word must be changed in cases, gender, numbers or persons. Thus, single-root forms will help you determine the ending quite easily.
- After defining the end by circling it in a rectangular or square frame, you need to select the base. As a rule, it is emphasized with a straight line, and small sticks are placed on the sides, as if “closing” the segment.
- After the base, you need to find the root. In order to define it, you need to pick up a few single-root words. This process is not laborious, especially if the form is familiar and not very long. However, in some cases, students still have difficulties at this stage. As a rule, this happens when the word being parsed is little known or too long. In such situations, experts suggest first highlighting suffixes and prefixes, and only inmark the root at the very end. By the way, this morpheme is distinguished by an arc placed on top.
- After the root, select the prefix. Finding her is pretty easy. The prefix is indicated by a straight line (from above), drawing down a small line that separates it from the root.
- At the last stage of parsing a word, suffixes should be determined. They are marked with a corner. In most cases, it is with this part of the word that problems arise. After all, there are a lot of suffixes. Moreover, they are diverse in meaning. The best option is to memorize the main suffixes for each part of speech.
Word composition: parsing examples
Now you know the order in which words are parsed. Let's try to apply the presented algorithm in practice. To do this, we use three different words: "snowdrop", "repetition" and "help".
Let's analyze the composition of the word "snowdrop":
- Determine the end. To do this, you need to change the word according to cases and numbers: “snowdrop”, “snowdrop”, “snowdrops” and po. As you can see, this word has a null ending.
- The basis is the whole word.
- Determine the root. To do this, you need to pick up single-root words: "snow" ("g" and "g" - alternating consonants), "snowy" and so on. Thus, the root is the next part - "snow".
- Determine the prefix. The word "snowdrop" is a noun that literally means "under the snow". That is, the prefix will be “under”.
- Determine the suffix. This is the hardest part. To do this, you need to pick up a few single-root words that will help us understand exactly how it was formed: “snow”, “snowy”, “snowdrop”, “snowdrop”. This example shows that this word has two suffixes "n" and "ik".
2. Let's analyze the composition of the word "repetition":
- Determine the end. To do this, you need to change the word by case: “repetition”, “repetition”, “repetition”. As you can see, this word has an “e” ending.
- The basis is the next part of the word - "repeat".
- Determine the root. To do this, you need to pick up words with the same root: "repeat," repeat ", etc. Thus, the root is the next part" second ".
- Determine the prefix. The word "repetition" is a noun. Its prefix will be "by".
- Determine the suffix. To do this, you need to pick up a few words with the same root: “repeat”, “repeat”, “repeat”, “repetition”. This example shows that this word has one suffix "yeni".
3. Let's analyze the composition of the word "help":
- Determine the end. To do this, you need to change the word, but "help" is the initial form of the verb. Some textbooks claim it has a zero ending, although most teachers recommend boxing the next part, "t".
- The basis is the whole word or "help".
- Determine the root. To do this, you need to pick up single-root words:“helped, “helped”, “helped”, “maybe” (“g” and “g” - alternating consonants), and so on. Thus, the root is the next part - "could".
- Determine the prefix. The word "repetition" is an indefinite verb. Its prefix will be "by".
- Determine the suffix. In the initial form of the verb, the vowel before "t" usually acts as a suffix. In this case, it is the letter "a".
Summarize
As you can see, there is nothing difficult in determining the compositions of a word on your own. Answers to questions that may arise in the course of such an analysis can be easily found by referring to a school textbook or to your teacher.
