At the end of the last century, when modern technical means were just beginning to be used in schools, teachers and psychologists were already alarmed that soon there would be a video recorder in the classroom instead of a teacher.
On the crisis of the meaning of modern education
Once upon a time, Pontius Pilate asked Christ about what is actually the truth. And what is education? What are general cultural competencies in education? Are they limited only to the simple transfer and acquisition of knowledge and skills? At first glance, the answer to the questions is quite obvious, because education is associated with the transfer of experience gained by previous generations to young people.
Some progressive scientists and educators do not agree with this definition. They are convinced that there is a personal paradigm of modern education, focused on the identification and development of the individual abilities of the student. General cultural competence should become an environment for the child to move along an individual trajectory.
Minimum educational programs
The new education standards stipulate a minimum for each academic discipline, as well as requirements for graduates of grades 4, 9 and 11. We are talking about specific skills and abilities with which the child must move from one level of education to another or leave the walls of his native educational institution. In connection with the introduction of final exams in primary and secondary schools in a test mode, teachers have no time to engage in personal orientation, develop the general cultural competencies of students, it is much more important for them to prepare children for the OGE and the Unified State Examination. The teacher does not always have mechanisms for personal planning of the learning process, for presenting the same material differently for each child. In addition, in the modern school there is a problem of subjectivity in assessing personal educational achievements.
There is a student-centered paradigm of modern education, but there is no need to talk about its full implementation in school practice.
The realities of the modern school
The current situation in education is assessed as a crisis. The practice and theory of teaching are currently in the transition from a simple transfer of skills and knowledge to the paradigm of "cultivating a developed personality." Right now, the formation of general cultural competencies is becoming an important task, a necessary condition for the full development of the younger generation.
Peculiarities of the current situation
Let's try to find out the current situation in education, to understand the causes of problems, to identify options for their solution. In order to translate the paradigm of student-centered education from a doctrinal level into a practical form, teachers themselves must first reconsider their general cultural and professional competencies.
The meaning of personal education
This paradigm implies the recognition of the uniqueness of each child, the need to work out an individual educational trajectory. It is in this case that the development of general cultural competencies is expected. The attributes of a student's personality are knowledge, skills, practical skills, but with a personal approach, they will be different for each student.
About the functions of student-centered learning
Supporters of this educational paradigm are convinced that the development of general cultural professional competences is possible only with this teaching methodology. The function of the personal approach is to provide and reflect the system of individual educational achievements of the child. It is supposed not only the formation of ZUN, but also the allocation of educational objects in which the child has the right to self-determination, gain additional knowledge, get acquainted with certain historical and cultural achievements of previous generations. It is in this paradigm that general cultural competence is mentioned. The student identifies and develops his attitude to various objects of natureand society.
Personal meaning according to A. N. Leontiev
The author of the concept of personal education is convinced that general cultural competence helps a child to find a motive for independently mastering knowledge, acquiring new skills and abilities. He is convinced that it is the motives that influence the life position and worldview of the child, encourage him to active educational activities. If ZUN is not connected with real objects to which the student could show personal meaning, there will be no question of any student-centered education.
Research results in modern pedagogy
General cultural competence is mentioned in the works of many modern educators and psychologists. They are convinced that certain stages are important when looking for the meaning of acquiring knowledge and selecting teaching methods:
- Personal creativity of the child in relation to the studied natural or social objects, which are distributed in accordance with different educational areas.
- A student's awareness of his experience, knowledge that was acquired during the study of general cultural objects and values.
- Position, as well as personal attitude to social experience and general cultural knowledge.
The formation of general cultural and professional competencies helps the child to realize his own place in society, to strive for self-development and self-improvement. The child has the opportunity to highlight in the basic content of education the part that he needs forfuture life. After the introduction of such an element as competencies into education, educational standards of the second generation were developed. A student in the Federal State Educational Standard must acquire knowledge in various fields, only in this case, full development is possible.
Content of the term "competence"
Translated from Latin, this term means a list of questions, the answers to which are well known to a person. The competence of a person in some area implies the possession of appropriate abilities and knowledge, thanks to which he can express his position on the issue under discussion. This concept has been used in Russian pedagogy for a long time.
For example, linguistic competencies are well studied and used by teachers of foreign languages. The general cultural competencies of the bachelor have also been introduced for each subject area and level of higher education.
Recently, such a concept as "competence" is no longer associated with general pedagogical, didactic, methodological concepts. The reason is in the system-practical functions and the development of metasubject connections between different areas of modern life.
Competencies of Russian education
Recently, the role of competencies has increased in Russian education. As one of them, we can mention competence in general cultural activities. It involves the development and use of the traditions of their people, the formation of patriotism, spirituality. For domestic education, the presence of eitherthe lack of general cultural competence is especially relevant.
Competence means the sum of abilities, skills, knowledge that help a person solve certain problems.
Competence implies the possession of a certain competence, which includes a personal attitude to the subject of activity.
Competence refers to the student's educational background, and competence is a personal quality or the sum of qualities, as well as minimal experience in a particular field. The "Strategy for the Modernization of Education" defines all the competencies of schoolchildren, taking into account personal qualities. In relation to different aspects of modern education, there are several functions of competencies and competencies. Regarding the child's personality, they should reflect and develop his desire to study and analyze real objects. They are multidimensional, they include all groups of qualities that should be developed in a child. Educational competencies help the student to master certain subjects, to use the acquired knowledge in future professional activities. For example, having learned the competence of a citizen while studying at school, a young person will be able to use it after graduating from an educational institution. What is included in the structure of this pedagogical term? First of all, the name, a variant of the hierarchy (subject, general subject, key). The following are the objects for which the competence will be introduced. The socio-practical orientation, the importance of competence for society are taken into account. The indicators will be options for control and evaluation work,aimed at identifying the degree of competence of the child. This set of characteristics is indicated in all regulatory documents, methodological and educational literature, as well as in control and measuring materials.
Conclusion
There is a certain hierarchy of educational competencies. The content of education is divided into meta-subject, inter-subject, subject. Meta-subject is typical for any subject areas, but the subject competence is allocated for the academic discipline. At each stage of education, its own variants of requirements are distinguished, taking into account the psychological and age characteristics of students. General cultural competence is associated with national characteristics and universal culture, spiritual and moral foundations of human life. It examines the foundations of family, social, social traditions and customs of both an individual people and all of humanity. It is this competence that is associated with explaining the influence of religion on the development of society, the formation of spirituality among the population. Mastering this competence involves the rational use by a person of his free time, paying attention to the study of the cultural heritage of his land, region. In order to fully develop the general cultural competence of the younger generation, special courses in regional studies were introduced at the initial stage of education. Their program content includes questions relating to family traditions, the foundations of religion. In order for a graduate of a school, technical school, university to be comfortable in a social environment, it is necessary to form exactlygeneral cultural competence.
