In judicial practice, forensic examination of documents is often assigned. This is an effective tool for establishing the circumstances of the case. What is this study and what are its types, we learn from the article.
Tasks
Forensic examination of documents solves a number of tasks, including the following:
- Establishing the manufacturing method.
- Determine the fact and method of making changes to the documentation.
- Restoring original content.
- Identification of the means used in the manufacture.
- Recreating the whole in parts.
Expert
Forensicist, who carries out forensic examination of documents, is one of the very first speci alties in the expert field. To this day, it is extremely in demand in the framework of arbitration, civil and criminal proceedings. Even despite the large number of graduates in universities, it continues to be relevant. Choosing this area, a personreceives an unusually creative speci alty, which requires higher education, remarkable experience and professional intuition.
Organization
A state or non-state institution where forensic examination of documents is carried out has qualified specialists, all the necessary modern equipment and permits for activities. In addition to the courts, research is ordered by banking institutions, bar associations, enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership, and ordinary citizens.
Any, including forensic examination of documents, is an extremely effective way to protect your legal rights and interests. Therefore, when there is doubt about their authenticity, professional research is requested.
Destination
Often, in order for a study to be carried out, one petition is not enough. The court refuses the procedure if it is proposed, for example, orally. Therefore, it is worth preparing thoroughly for this step. In addition to the petition, they receive a document from the expert organization on its consent to the examination and attach it to the papers for submission to the court. Forensic expert clarifies:
- terms for conducting research;
- will report the final cost;
- information about yourself and other experts, if they are involved, work experience, education, academic degrees and titles.
Requirements
The appointment of a forensic examination is carried out by the decision of the investigator or the determination of the arbitration, district or world court. A research paper is also provided.
If an extrajudicial examination is carried out, then the necessary documents and grounds are:
- request a lawyer;
- research agreement;
- document being examined.
Research objects
Let's list the objects under investigation when a forensic examination of documents is assigned.
- Paper containing any information or facts. Photographs cannot be the object of research in this case.
- Materials and products from them that are used for manufacturing.
- Technical tools used to create details on documents, as well as finishing and stitching.
- Chemicals to change data.
- Objects not related to documents, but examined according to these methods.
- Paper and cardboard products required for wrapping, sanitary, industrial, domestic use.
Requisites and records
Forensic expertise distinguishes 2 types of document examination:
- details;
- materials.
The first means graphic images in the form of printed texts in a printing wayor on sign-printing devices written by hand, signatures, stamps and seal impressions, etc. The second refers to the materials of the letter, the basis of the document and auxiliary means.
If the task of checking details is set, then it includes:
- handwriting study;
- method definition and record execution details;
- the fact of making changes by erasing, adding, etching, drawing over and so on.
As for the entries, they determine the sequence of strokes. At the same time, depending on the various methods of research, they have features. Then the method of application, the type and model of the equipment used, installation, paper belonging to a particular notebook, and so on.
Types of forensic examinations
There are several types of this study.
- Handwriting expertise.
- Linguistic.
- Author's.
- Technical and forensic.
Let's take a look at each of these types in brief.
Handwriting expertise
This is a traditional type of research to establish facts that are related to manuscripts. The documents here are:
- receipts;
- invoices;
- orders;
- wills;
- evidence;
- statements;
- contracts;
- other.
A signature, short note or text can be examined. Having studied the set of featureshandwriting, solve diagnostic and identification problems. During the examination, they check whether the manuscript has been specially distorted, changed hands, imitated someone else's handwriting, in an unusual position or state, and the like.
Linguistic expertise
The types of forensic examinations include forensic linguistics. Its subject is the facts that are significant for the case and are established in the analysis of speech.
The object of the study is the products of speech activity that are recorded in writing.
Unlike handwriting examination, in this case they are evaluated by their origin, the way of expression and the nature of the impact on the audience or directly on the addressee. An objective assessment here is based on the norms of the Russian language.
The study is based on linguistic analysis. Therefore, the expert must, first of all, have a philological education. During the examination, the following information is analyzed:
- features of the text in terms of disclosure of authorship;
- revealing meanings and impact through text;
- names of products of human activity.
Author's expertise
This type of research is based on a system of knowledge about the patterns of speech behavior, which shows the individuality, stability, variations of written speech. In this case, the knowledge of linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics and psychology is applied.
Subject of study -authorship to be established. In addition to determining the face, the specialist creates a "psychological" portrait of the author and those external influences under which the document was drawn up.
The object of research is the written speech of the text. At the same time, the style is established: journalistic, scientific, everyday, literary, and so on. There are handwritten objects obtained by printing or with the help of a multiplying machine. It is noteworthy that authorship is determined only if the document contains at least 500 words.
Technical and forensic expertise
This study refers to those species in which manufacturing methods are established, fakes are detected, group affiliation and source of origin are established.
The subject of the study is the facts under which the paper was made, the means and materials of manufacture were identified. To answer the questions of technical and forensic examination of documents, the expert should have special knowledge in the field of physics, chemistry, technology and its forensic part.
The objects of study include handwritten and typewritten papers and their materials, writing tools, text etching tools.
Car forensics
This type of research does not apply to documents. But it is so in demand that the examination of cars cannot be ignored. There are many accidents on the roads everywhere. Automotive forensic examination of a car helps to identifythe true cause of the incident. It is also advisable to conduct it before buying a used car. Then you can be sure that it is not stolen and does not have broken numbers.
