In Russian, words are not always spelled the way they are heard. It often happens that the number of letters and sounds does not match.
Letter b
So, which words have more letters than sounds? First of all, in those in which there is. This letter is written in words to indicate the softness of consonants. And such a sound in an audible word is expressed by one phoneme.
As a result, the word will have more letters than sounds, for example:
- banka - six b., [ban'ka] - five stars;
- message - five b., [v'es't'] - four stars;
- guest - five points, [gos't'] - four stars;
- rain - five points, [dosht'] - four stars;
- life - five b., [zhyz'n'] - four stars;
- horse - four b., [kon'] - three stars;
- laziness - four points, [l'en'] - three stars;
- mol - four b., [mol'] - three stars;
- zero - four b., [zero'] - three stars;
- password - six b., [password'] - fivesound;
- role - four points, [roll'] - three stars;
- herring - six points, [s'el'd'] - four stars;
- darkness - six b., [t'emin'] - five stars;
- chain - four b., [tsep'] - three stars.
Dividing soft and hard signs, as a rule, does not affect the difference in the number of letters and sounds. This is explained by the fact that the letters e, e, u, i after b and b denote two phonemes, one of which is [y]. This means that in such words, letters and sounds will remain in equal numbers.
The soft sign affects the difference in the count of phonemes and graphic signs when placed with after hissing. However, it does not affect pronunciation and serves to indicate the grammatical form of the word:
- 3rd declension nouns: rye [rosh] (four b., three stars), daughter [daughter'] (four b., three stars), brooch [brooch] (five b., four sound);
- adverbs (except for exceptions: already, married, unbearable): away [off '] (five b., four stars), wide open [nast'esh '] (seven b., six stars);
- verbs: help [pamoch'] (six b., five stars), don't touch - [trosh'] (five b., four stars), look [watch'ish] (ten b., nine stars).
In these words, as we can see, there are more letters than sounds.
Practice 1
We offer several practical tasks to consolidate the material.
1. Do I need to insert ь in place of the ellipsis? Determine which words have more letters than sounds:
- glazier…shield;
- fifth…eleven;
- ban…tick;
- sem…ten;
- nyan…cheat;
- mos…tic;
- lantern…shield;
- speech…ka;
- heel…hundred;
- fan…tick.
2. Which words have more letters than sounds?
Moose chew grass, branches, bark. He needs to lick the s alt. The forester takes a head of s alt into the forest and puts it on a stump. Here comes the moose to lick the s alt.
2. Is a soft sign put after the hissing ones? Determine which words have more letters than sounds:
- roof edges…;
- cries are heard…;
- unbearable… start;
- married…;
- cut… bread;
- forest wilderness…;
- the air is fresh…;
- put… brick…;
- pasture expanses…;
- desert…sya jumping…;
- strain… eyesight;
- mighty oak…;
- heaps of clouds…;
- you will go… for water to the forest key…;
- obedient daughter…;
- eat…those kalach…;
- open… cloak…;
- lie down… on the bench;
- mazh… sandwich;
- lily of the valley… smelly…;
- solve… five problems…;
- open the doors wide open…
Letters E, E, Yu, I
Besides the soft sign, which does not denote a sound, there are letters that serve as graphic signs of two phonemes. It depends on their position in the word. After soft consonants, they denote their palatalization (softening) and do not affect the difference in the number of letters and sounds. Another thing in other provisions:
- at the beginning of the word: ate [yel] - two b., three stars;
- after vowels: loan [loan] - four b., five stars.
Here are examples where there are more sounds than letters. Recall that after b and b also appears [d]. But this does not affect the difference between the sound and graphic expression of the word.
Practice 2
1. Determine which words have the same number of phonemes and their graphic symbols:
- two-tier pavilion;
- entered the entrance;
- curious monkey;
- three-storey house;
- pre-exam excitement;
- irreparable flaw;
- bear paws;
- anniversary chores;
- television shooting;
- drinking broth;
- pig feathers;
- a strong blizzard.
2. Find words with sounds and letters in different amounts.
Do you think bird's milk happens? However, this is not a curiosity at all. Ordinary pigeons feed their chicks with bird's milk. It appears in pigeons in the goiter, it resembles a white gruel. It is also called goiter. In pigeons, it is not released for long - eighteen to twenty days.
Unpronounced consonants
In addition to the above phonetic phenomena, sounds and letters in different quantities are contained in words with unpronounceable consonants:
- powerful [powerful] - eight points, seven stars;
- sun [sontse] - six b., five stars;
- festive [holiday] - eleven b., ten stars;
- famous [famous] - nine points, eight stars
If there are unpronounceable consonants, then these are words where there are more sounds.
It must be remembered that the spelling "unpronounceable consonants"it is necessary to check a strong position. In some cases, there are no such letters:
- terrible [terrible] - seven b. and seven stars;
- peer [rov'esn'ik] - eight points, eight stars;
- delicious [delicious] - seven b., seven stars.
Double consonants
There is also such a phenomenon as double and doubled consonants. If they are present in the word, we will also have a discrepancy between the quantitative composition of sounds and letters, for example:
- television antenna [antena] - seven points, six stars;
- friendly team [kol'ikt'if] - nine points, eight stars;
- old yeast [shiver] - six b., five stars;
- artificial crystal [crystal] – eight b., seven stars.
- station [station] house - eleven points, ten stars;
- glass [st'ikl'any] – ten points, nine stars
These words contain more letters than sounds.
Changing the sound quality
In words, simplification is often observed in places where consonants converge. Then, instead of several sounds, one is pronounced, which differs in quality from the original ones. For example:
- hides from the eyes [concealer] - ten b. and nine stars;
- great athlete [sportsman] - nine points, eight stars;
- city [garatskaya] resident - nine points, eight stars.
Practice 3
1. Determine which words have more letters than sounds:
- feel disappointed;
- participate in competitions;
- inappropriate question;
- a peer of my parents;
- long lashes;
- private person;
- dangerous age;
- rainy day;
- delicious food;
- linden alley;
- quarrel with friends;
- occupied territory;
- appeal;
- fine art;
- delicious cake.
2. Dictation.
It rained at night, but in the morning the weather was wonderful. Peers and peers marched to school. Everyone was in a happy mood. Before reaching the school a little, the children felt the distinct aroma of roses. These were bushes that were planted by graduates back in May.
