Let's talk about how to determine the nature of the oxide. Let's start with the fact that all substances are usually divided into two groups: simple and complex. Elements are divided into metals and non-metals. Complex compounds are divided into four classes: bases, oxides, s alts, acids.
Definition
Since the nature of oxides depends on their composition, first let's define this class of inorganic substances. Oxides are complex substances that consist of two elements. Their peculiarity is that oxygen is always located in the formula as the second (last) element.
The most common option is the interaction with oxygen of simple substances (metals, non-metals). For example, when magnesium reacts with oxygen, magnesium oxide is formed, which exhibits basic properties.
Nomenclature
The nature of oxides depends on their composition. There are certain rules by which such substances are named.
If the oxide is formed by metals of the main subgroups, the valency is not indicated. For example, calcium oxide CaO. If the metal of a similar subgroup, which has a variable valency, is the first in the compound, then it is necessarilyindicated by Roman numerals. Placed after the connection name in parentheses. For example, there are oxides of iron (2) and (3). When composing the formulas of oxides, one must remember that the sum of the oxidation states in it must be equal to zero.
Classification
Let's consider how the nature of oxides depends on the degree of oxidation. Metals having an oxidation state of +1 and +2 form basic oxides with oxygen. A specific feature of such compounds is the basic nature of the oxides. Such compounds enter into chemical interaction with s alt-forming oxides of non-metals, forming s alts with them. In addition, basic oxides react with acids. The product of the interaction depends on the amount in which the starting substances were taken.
Non-metals, as well as metals with oxidation states from +4 to +7, form acidic oxides with oxygen. The nature of oxides suggests interaction with bases (alkalis). The result of the interaction depends on the amount in which the initial alkali was taken. With its deficiency, an acid s alt is formed as a reaction product. For example, in the reaction of carbon monoxide (4) with sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate (acid s alt) is formed.
In the case of interaction of an acid oxide with an excess amount of alkali, the reaction product will be an average s alt (sodium carbonate). The nature of acidic oxides depends on the degree of oxidation.
They are divided into s alt-forming oxides (in which the oxidation state of the element is equal to the group number), as well as indifferentoxides that cannot form s alts.
Amphoteric oxides
There is also an amphoteric nature of the properties of oxides. Its essence lies in the interaction of these compounds with both acids and alkalis. Which oxides exhibit dual (amphoteric) properties? These include binary compounds of metals with an oxidation state of +3, as well as oxides of beryllium, zinc.
Methods of obtaining
There are various ways to obtain oxides. The most common option is the interaction with oxygen of simple substances (metals, non-metals). For example, when magnesium reacts with oxygen, magnesium oxide is formed, which exhibits basic properties.
In addition, oxides can also be obtained by the interaction of complex substances with molecular oxygen. For example, when burning pyrite (iron sulfide 2), two oxides can be obtained at once: sulfur and iron.
Another option for obtaining oxides is the reaction of decomposition of s alts of oxygen-containing acids. For example, the decomposition of calcium carbonate can produce carbon dioxide and calcium oxide (quicklime).
Basic and amphoteric oxides are also formed during the decomposition of insoluble bases. For example, when iron (3) hydroxide is calcined, iron (3) oxide is formed, as well as water vapor.
Conclusion
Oxides are a class of inorganic substances with wide industrial applications. They are used in the construction industry, pharmaceutical industry, medicine.
In addition, amphoteric oxides are often usedin organic synthesis as catalysts (accelerators of chemical processes).
