Considering the preposition as a part of speech, it should be noted that this is a function word. It expresses the dependence of pronouns or nouns on other words in a sentence or phrase.
Why do we need an excuse?
It may seem that prepositions, essentially meaningless out of context, are absolutely unnecessary in speech. However, it is worth trying to remove these small words from the conversation, as the connection in the sentence will be broken. The phrase will simply crumble, like beads on a torn thread, into separate components! And to assert the fact that prepositions do not carry any information is at least ridiculous. For example, the sentence "The hospital is … a bridge" without this non-independent part of speech carries absolutely no information. After all, the hospital, based on the incomplete information received due to the lack of a pretext, can be located both under the bridge and behind the bridge. So, especially if the bridge is quite large, this incomplete indication can do a disservice. And the reason for the error will be that the sentence does not contain a preposition. What part of speech brings additional information content of speech, provides communicationwords in a sentence? Already in elementary school, students know the answer to this question. This is a suggestion. As a part of speech, it is not independent, but without it, the verb cannot be combined with nouns and pronouns in some cases.
Connection of words in a sentence
Nouns and pronouns to which the preposition refers are inflected. The preposition as a service part of speech is included in the question, which establishes the type of connection between words. For example, in the sentence "Nikolai fished on the river" there is a relationship between the verb "fished" and the noun "on the river". The connection between them is defined as follows: fished (where?) on the river or fished (on what?) on the river. And in the sentence “He put the fish in a fish tank”, by posing a question, you can establish the following construction: he put it (where?) in the tank or put it (in what?) in the tank. Defining the members of the sentence, the preposition is related to the noun. And it is also part of the question that is asked to the secondary member of the sentence. Thus, a preposition, as a service part of speech, cannot act as a member of a sentence in a sentence, you cannot ask a question to it, it is not used separately from a noun or pronoun.
Spatial relations that express prepositions
In each individual case, the connection between words is provided by changing the forms of nouns. Each case is governed by certain prepositions. Examples: running along the track, running next to the track. That is, if the word is used in the instrumental case, thenthe service part of speech "from", "under", "above", "next to" and others is used. Prepositions have different meanings in different situations. There are spatial semantic relationships between the members of the sentence: "The girls were happy to work on the crossbar." The preposition is included in the case question: did (on what?) on the crossbar, where the preposition "on" is included in the case question itself. Although this construction can be presented in this way: they were engaged (where?) on the crossbar.
Temporary relationship expressed by preposition
In the sentence "It was already in the evening" you can establish a connection using a case question: it was (when?) in the evening. And in the sentence “Valentina returned home at half past five,” temporary relationships are established by the question: returned (when?) at half past five. Such a connection as control in a phrase provides a preposition. An independent part of speech - the noun "half" - in this context can be used with the word "in". But if you use the preposition "about", then the very meaning of the statement will change, and the case in which the word dependent on the verb will stand. Indeed, the phrase "Valentina returned home at about half past five" differs from the original version. And the preposition "about" will put the noun in the genitive case instead of the prepositional, as it was in the first version.
Object semantic relations expressed by preposition
In the sentence "The note was written about a young cyclist who came to the finish line first" there is a connection between the words: wrote (aboutcom?) about the cyclist. In a phrase, the preposition as a part of speech establishes an object relationship between the verb and the noun. In a phrase, the predicate governs the object in the prepositional case.
Object relations are also manifested when using the preposition "y" - "The athlete had a fairly bright equipment." Here the connection is due to the setting of the noun in the genitive case: was (who?) At the athlete. There is a variant of using the preposition "above" when setting the controlled word in the prepositional case. Example: "The guys laughed out loud at a friend who fell into the mud." In this variant, object relations are noted in the phrase laughed at (over whom?) over the fallen. Here, the object is not a noun, but a participle, which is an addition and does not have a defined word with it. One can observe the use of the preposition "from" in this kind of semantic relations. For example, this can be seen in the example of the phrase "Cyclists were recruited from children who live in the fifth microdistrict", which demonstrates a similar connection in the phrase recruited (from whom?) from children.
Semantic relations of the mode of action, expressed by the preposition
Considering the sentence "The guys enjoyed watching the camel", you can establish a connection between the predicate and the addition. It will look like this: observed (how?) with pleasure or observed (with what feeling?) with pleasure. The value of prepositions in phrases is great,since the verb can control the dependent word only if the noun is put in the right case.
Relationships of mode of action can also appear when using other prepositions.
Causal semantic relationships expressed by preposition
In the sentence “Because of her love for animals, Tanya arranged a real living corner at home where a family of guinea pigs lived,” the verb “arranged” governs the noun “because of love.” The connection of control is established with the help of the question (because of what?) and looks like this: arranged (because of what? why?) because of love.
Causal semantic relationships can be established using the preposition "from". For example, in the sentence "The rabbit trembled with fear" in the phrase trembled (from what? Why?) From fear, the noun is in the genitive case. Causal relationships may also arise when using the service part of speech "with". For example, in the sentence "For a sunburn, special ointments should be used" in the phrase apply (for what reason?) With a burn, the connection is established using the preposition "at". Most often, the verb-controlled word plays the role of circumstance. Causal relationships are sometimes established by using the preposition "by". For example: "I was not at work due to illness." Here there is a connection of control in the phrase was not (why?) for a reason, which demonstrates a causal relationship.
Targetedsemantic relations expressed by the preposition
In the sentence "Natalya was engaged in floriculture for her own pleasure", the verb "was engaged" controls the noun "for pleasure" with the help of the question (why? for what?). Target semantic relationships are established between these words.
Such a connection can be traced in the use case and other prepositions, for example, "with". An example of this would be the sentence: "Victoria bought a laptop to use it for work", where the target relationships are traced twice: bought (why? for what?) with the goal and use (in what way? for what?) for work. In the first case, the connection of control is determined using the preposition "with", and in the second case, the already considered variant with "for" is present.
Non-derivative and derived prepositions
The origin of these functional words allows us to divide them into two large groups. Non-derivative prepositions include those that were not formed from other parts of speech. These are through, in, on, before, without, between, behind, over, under and others. Derivatives appeared as a result of the transition of independent parts of speech into prepositions. They were formed from adverbs, adverbs and nouns.
- For example, such derivative prepositions in Russian are known, as in case, provided, in view of, with the help of, due to. They appeared by switching to another part of speech from nouns.
- Adverbial prepositions are wordsemerged from adverbs. For example, these will be the words after, along, past, near, away from, towards.
- Through the transition of gerunds into prepositions, such as not counting, starting with, despite, later, later.
Simple prepositions - dividing them by composition
Representatives of this service part of speech are divided into two groups according to the number of words included in it. So, for example, they distinguish simple prepositions consisting of one word: between, in, on, from, under, near. Examples of their use are sentences:
- Crocodiles are grown on special farms.
- These reptiles are then used to make luxurious handbags, belts, shoes.
In the first case, the connection of control can be traced in the phrase grown (where? on what?) on farms using the preposition "on". There are spatial relationships between words. In the second version, one can see the control of the verb - a noun in the form of a participle is made (from whom?) Of reptiles using the preposition "of". These relations are characterized as object relations.
Complex prepositions
Complex prepositions consist of two or three words. For example, those will be in connection with, in spite of, in contrast to and others. Examples of their use:
- Despite her deteriorating eyesight, Natalya continued to sit at night checking notebooks.
- In connection with the onset of fifty-five years, Maria went to the city to apply for a pension.
- Unlike rich daughtersmerchant Malakhov, Nastasya had neither a dowry nor a future.
Thus, we can conclude that a preposition as a part of speech cannot be used without other words - nouns, participles, adjectives. Also, they cannot be members of the proposal, you cannot ask a question to them. However, being a service part of speech, prepositions play an important role in the sentence.
