Traditionally (and in school grammar) a complex sentence was understood as a combination of simple sentences, achieved with the help of certain syntactic means and characterized by semantic, constructive and intonational integrity. But its parts are not simple sentences, because: 1) they often cannot be independent communicative units, but exist only as part of a complex one; 2) do not have intonation completeness; 3) the entire sentence fully answers one information question, i.e. is one communication unit. It is more correct to consider them not as simple sentences, but as predicative units.
Classification of compound sentences
Let's analyze compound and complex sentences, examples and their classification. Let's start with the fact that both are complex. Complex sentences differ in characterconnection, the nature of predicative units, the order of the parts. They are allied and non-union. Allied, which we will focus on in this article, in turn, are divided into compound and complex sentences (see examples below).
Compound sentence (CSP)
SSP are such complex sentences, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions and are grammatically independent of each other, i.e. are in relation to equality, equivalence.
The specifics of coordinating conjunctions is primarily that they are in a fixed position - always between the connected predicative units (except for repeating unions). They are not included in any of the parts of compound sentences. When the order of predicative units is changed, the place of the conjunction does not change. Analysis of a compound sentence, examples of its various types are given in this article.
Classification of compound unions
The classification of the SSP in "Russian Grammar-80" is based on the division of conjunctions on the basis of unambiguity / ambiguity. Unions of a non-differentiating type include: and, but, yes, same, or, or their synonyms. They tend to express a certain type of relationship, but their meaning is always to some extent determined by the context or specified by the concretizer. Unions of a differentiating type (mostly allied counterparts) unambiguously qualify certain relations: that is,namely, therefore, also, on the contrary, or rather, etc., which has a compound sentence.
Examples of SSP with unions of non-differentiating type
- Her heart was beating fast, and her thoughts could not stop at anything (actually connecting).
- I called, and the door was immediately opened for me (non-properly connecting with a positive connection qualification).
- He never kept his word, and that's too bad (not properly connecting, joining-commenting).
- He was joking and I was mean (comparative).
- Life goes by fast and you haven't done anything yet (inconsistency, compound sentence).
Examples with conjunction "but":
- It's not raining, but the air is quite humid (opposing concession).
- He is not very diligent, but he enjoys music (adversative-compensatory).
- Quite dark, but the lights haven't been switched on yet (obnoxiously restrictive).
- Smells like hay, but the smell is thick and gentle (attachment-distributive compound sentence).
Examples with conjunctions "or", "or":
- Let him move here to the outbuilding, or I will move from here (modally complicated).
- Either I'm wrong or she's telling a lie (modally uncomplicated compound sentence).
Examples of SSP with differentiating type conjunctions
- I can't recite poetry, that is, I can'tI like to read them with some special expression (explanatory).
- It was already snowing, but it was quite warm (there were no severe frosts yet) (opposite).
- I never teased her, on the contrary, I treated her very carefully (optional-commenting).
- He spoke for a long time and in a monotone, so everyone was very tired (causal).
- Not only did my friends treat his weaknesses condescendingly, but also envious people did not dare to object to him (gradational).
Complex Subordinate Sentence (CSS)
SPP is such a complex sentence in which there is a dependence of parts connected by subordinating means of communication: unions and allied words.
The structural-semantic classification of NGN is based on an important formal feature - the nature of the syntactic, formal dependence of the subordinate clause on the main one. This feature unites the scientific classifications of V. A. Beloshapkova and "Russian Grammar-80". All NGNs are divided into sentences of undivided and dismembered types. Their distinguishing features are as follows.
Unpartitioned type
1. The subordinate clause is in a conditional position (refers to one word in the main), conditional or correlative connection (refers to a demonstrative pronoun).
2. One of the parts is synsemantic, i.e. cannot be a semantically sufficient communicative unit outside of a complex sentence.
3. Means of communication - syntactic (multi-valued)conjunctions and allied words.
Decomposed type
1. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main clause: a determinative link.
2. Both parts are autosemantic, i.e. potentially able to exist independently.
3. Means of communication - semantic (unambiguous) unions.
The most important feature is the first, structural feature.
Further classification of dismembered NGN is carried out taking into account the content, semantic aspects (such as time, condition, concession, cause, purpose, effect, comparative, comparative aspect that a complex sentence may have).
Fiction examples and other suggestions:
- It's been a few hours since I left town (temporary).
- If you can, come by two o'clock (condition).
- Although it was late, the lights were on in the house (concession).
- I don't have much free time, because music requires full commitment (reason).
- To study well, you have to work hard (goal).
- His eyes shone like stars shining in a dark sky (comparative).
- If he owns the thought, then he owns the form all the more so (comparative).
The classification of non-partitioned NGN is primarily based on a structural feature - the nature of the means of communication, and only at the second stage - on semantic differences.
Types of non-partitioned NBS
1. With allied connection: explanatory,defining (quantitative, qualitative, qualification) and comparative.
2. With pronominal connection: pronominal-interrogative and pronominal-relative complex sentence.
Fictional examples and other allied sentences:
- Stupid you won't come (explanatory).
- The air is as pure as if it does not exist (definitive, quantitative).
- He spoke quickly, as if he was being urged on (definitive, qualitative).
- It all happened as if no one was in the room (definitive clause).
Literary examples and other pronominal sentences:
- You should have heard him speak (pronoun-interrogative).
- The house we live in is new (pronoun-relative, oriented).
- Whoever applied, there was no refusal (pronoun-relative, non-oriented complex sentence).
Examples of sentences (grade 5, Russian textbook will help you continue this list), as you can see, you can give a variety of.
A more detailed theoretical part can be found in many manuals (for example, V. A. Beloshapkov "Modern Russian", "Russian Grammar-80", etc.).
