Syntax-wise, a sentence is one of the basic units of a language. It is characterized by semantic and intonational completeness and necessarily has a grammatical basis. In Russian, the predicative stem may consist of one or two main members.
The concept of one-part sentences
Types of one-part sentences with examples serve as a visual illustration of the theoretical material in the "Syntax" section of the Russian language.
Syntactic constructions with a stem consisting of a subject and a predicate are called two-part. For example: I do not like a fatal outcome (V. S. Vysotsky).
Sentences, which contain only one of the main members, are called one-part. Such phrases have a complete meaning and do not need a second main member. It happens that its presence is simply impossible (in impersonal sentences). In works of art, one-part sentences are very often used, examples from literature: I melt window glass with my forehead (V. V. Mayakovsky). There is no subject here, but it is easy to recover: "I". It got a little dark (K. K. Sluchevsky). In thatthe sentence does not and cannot have a subject.
In colloquial speech, simple one-part sentences are quite common. Examples of their use prove this: - Where are we going? – To the movies.
One-part sentences are divided into types:
1. Nominal (with the stem from the subject).
2. With a predicate in the stem:
- personal;
- impersonal.
Parts of complex sentences can be single-part sentences. Examples: We will not assure that there is nothing more beautiful than Baikal in the world: each of us has his own side that is loved and sweet (V. G. Rasputin). This construction is a complex sentence that includes three simple ones: 1 - one-part definitely personal, 2 - one-part impersonal, 3 - two-part.
It is necessary to study the types of one-part sentences with examples, mainly presented in works of fiction. This will allow you to get the most complete picture of such syntactic constructions.
Sentence-subjects
In nominative sentences, the stem is only the subject. The forms of its expression are different: nouns in the nominative case: Spring and victory (S. A. Vasiliev). Or a phrase (noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case): Days of songs and colors (S. A. Vasilyev).
Nominative sentences may not be common: North. Will. Hope (V. S. Vysotsky). And common: Land without borders (V. S. Vysotsky), here the subject is supplemented by a definition.
Definitely personal syntactic constructions are a kind of personal
Personal one-part sentences, examples of which are used below, demonstrate the richness of the language and ways of expressing various shades of meaning.
Single-component syntactic constructions, in which the person is not expressed formally, but is easily restored, are called personal. They can also be common and non-common. In the role of a predicate - a personal verb (1, 2 persons), in the singular or plural, in the indicative or imperative mood. Such sentences convey the actions of a particular person (the speaker or interlocutor). In works of fiction, the authors often use the category "one-part definite-personal sentence", examples from poetry:
- I'm going (S. A. Yesenin) (predicate - verb in the indicative mood 1l, singular).
- Farewell, sea (A. S. Pushkin) (verb-predicate - in the imperative in the form of 2 persons, singular)!
Vaguely personal
Transfer actions performed by an undefined person (subject). The predicate is in the 3rd person, in the plural, in the present or past tense, in the indicative and conditional mood:
- But they called all three daughters witches (V. S. Vysotsky) (predicate - past verb, plural, indicative infl.).
- And let them talk, let them talk, but - no, no one dies in vain (V. S. Vysotsky) (in the rolepredicate - a verb in the present tense, in the 3rd l. and plural).
- Give me a plot of six acres near the car factory (Sholokhov) (subjunctive plural verb-predicate).
Features of generalized personal sentences
Some linguists (V. V. Babaitseva, A. A. Shakhmatov, etc.) do not single out this group of one-component sentences as a separate type, because the forms of expression of the predicates in them are identical to definite and indefinitely personal and differ only in semantic load. In them, the predicate has a generalized meaning. Such constructions are most often used in proverbs and sayings: Love tops - love roots. Do not have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends. Once he lied - forever became a liar.
When studying the topic “One-part personal offer”, examples are of great importance, because. they visually help to determine the type of a syntactic construction with one of the main members and to distinguish between them.
An impersonal offer
One-part impersonal sentence (example: It gets dark early. Noises in the head.) differs from the personal one in that it does not and cannot have a subject.
The predicate can be expressed in different ways:
- With an impersonal verb: It was getting dark. I'm sick.
- With a personal verb that turned into an impersonal form: I have a prick in my side. It rumbled in the distance. You are lucky! I can't sleep.
- Predicative adverb (state category or impersonal predicative words): It was very quiet (I. A. Bunin). Stuffy. Sad.
- Infinitive: Do not bend under the changing world (A. V. Makarevich).
- The negative word "no" and the negative particle "neither": Not a cloud in the sky. You have no conscience!
Types of predicate
in one-part sentences
In Russian linguistics, the predicate is represented by three types:
- Simple verb. Expressed by a single verb in any form.
- Compound verb. Consists of a linking verb and an infinitive.
- Compound nominal. It contains a linking verb and a nominal part, which can be expressed by an adjective, noun, participle or adverb.
In one-part sentences, all the indicated types of predicates occur.
Cool (one-part impersonal sentence). An example of a predicate with an omitted verb copula in the present tense, but which appears in the past tense: It was cool. The nominal part is expressed by the state category.
In a definitely personal sentence: Let's join hands, friends (B. Sh. Okudzhava) - simple verb predicate.
In an indefinite personal sentence: I don't want to listen to any of you (O. Ermachenkova) - predicate - personal verb + infinitive.
Nominative one-part sentences are examples of a compound nominal predicate with a zero verb copula in the present tense. Often, with the nominative, pointing particles are placed next to each other: Here is your ticket, here is your car (V. S. Vysotsky). If nominative sentences are presented in the past tense, thenthey are converted into two-part sentences. Compare: There was your ticket, there was your car.
One-part and incomplete sentences
It is necessary to distinguish incomplete two-part sentences from one-part sentences. In one-part, in the absence of one of the main members, the meaning of the sentence does not change. In incomplete sentences, any member of the sentence can be omitted, and the meaning may not be clear out of context: On the contrary - a table. Or: Today.
In some cases it is difficult to distinguish between definitely personal sentences and two-part incomplete ones. First of all, this applies to predicates expressed by the verb in the form of the past tense. For example: I thought - and began to eat (A. S. Pushkin). Without the main context, it is impossible to determine whether the verb is used in the 1st or 3rd person. In order not to be mistaken, it is important to understand: in the form of the past tense, the person of the verb is not determined, which means that this is a two-part incomplete sentence.
Differences between an incomplete two-part sentence and a denominative one are especially difficult, for example: Night. Frosty night. and Night in the Village. In order to avoid difficulties, it is important to understand: the circumstance is a minor member related to the predicate. Therefore, the sentence "Night in the village" is a two-part incomplete with a compound nominal predicate, in which the verb part is omitted. Compare: Night has come in the village. Frosty night. This is a nominative sentence, because the definition is consistent with the subject, therefore, the adjective "frosty" characterizes the main member"night".
When learning syntax, it is important to perform training exercises in, and for this it is necessary to analyze the types of one-component sentences with examples.
The role of monosyllabic sentences in the language
In written and oral speech, one-part sentences play an essential role. Such syntactic constructions in a concise and concise form allow you to formulate an idea brightly and colorfully, help to present images or objects. They give the statements dynamism and emotionality, allow you to focus on the right objects or subjects. With the help of one-part sentences, unjustified lexical repetitions of pronouns can be avoided.
