The human body is in constant interaction with abiotic and biotic environmental factors that affect and change it. The origin of man has been of interest to science for a long time, and theories of its origin are different. This is also the fact that man originated from a small cell, which gradually, forming colonies of cells of its own kind, became multicellular and, in the course of a long course of evolution, turned into a humanoid ape, and which, thanks to labor, became a man.
The concept of levels of organization of the human body
In the process of studying at a general secondary school in biology lessons, the study of a living organism begins with the study of a plant cell and its components. Already in the senior classes in the classroom, schoolchildren are asked the question: "Name the levels of organization of the human body." What is it?
Under the concept of "levels of organization of the human body" it is customary to understand its hierarchical structure from a small cell to the organismal level. But this level is not the limit, and it is completed by the supraorganismal order, which includes the population-species and biospheric levels.
Highlighting the levels of organization of the bodyperson, their hierarchy should be emphasized:
- Molecular genetic level.
- Cell level.
- Cloth level.
- Organ level
- Organismal level.
Molecular genetic level
The study of molecular mechanisms allows us to characterize it with components such as:
- carriers of genetic information - DNA, RNA.
- biopolymers are proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
At this level, genes and their mutations are distinguished as a structural element, which determine variability at the organismal and cellular level.
The molecular-genetic level of organization of the human body is represented by genetic material, which is encoded in a chain of DNA and RNA. Genetic information reflects such important components of the organization of human life as morbidity, metabolic processes, type of constitution, gender component and individual characteristics of a person.
The molecular level of organization of the human body is represented by metabolic processes, which consist of assimilation and dissimilation, regulation of metabolism, glycolysis, crossing over and mitosis, meiosis.
Property and structure of the DNA molecule
The main properties of genes are:
- convariant reduplication;
- capability for local structural changes;
- transmission of hereditary information at the intracellular level.
The DNA molecule consists of purine and pyrimidine bases, which are connected according to the principle of hydrogen bonds to each other and an enzymatic DNA polymerase is required for their connection and break. Covariant reduplication occurs according to the matrix principle, which ensures their connection at the residue of the nitrogenous bases of guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine. This process occurs in 100 seconds, and during this time 40 thousand base pairs manage to assemble.
Cellular level of organization
Studying the cellular structure of the human body will help to understand and characterize the cellular level of organization of the human body. The cell is a structural component and consists of the elements of the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev, of which the most predominant are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon. The remaining elements are represented by a group of macroelements and microelements.
Cell structure
The cage was discovered by R. Hooke in the 17th century. The main structural elements of the cell are the cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, cell organelles and the nucleus. The cytoplasmic membrane consists of phospholipids and proteins as structural components to provide the cell with pores and channels for the exchange of substances between cells and the entry and removal of substances from them.
Cell nucleus
The cell nucleus consists of the nuclear membrane, nuclear juice, chromatin and nucleoli. The nuclear envelope performs a shaping and transport function. Nuclear juice contains proteins that are involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids.
Kernel functions:
- storage of genetic information;
- reproduction and transmission of genetic information;
- regulation of cell activity in its life-supporting processes.
Cytoplasm of a cell
Cytoplasm consists of general purpose and specialized organelles. General purpose organelles are divided into membrane and non-membrane.
The main function of the cytoplasm is the constancy of the internal environment.
Membrane organelles:
- Endoplasmic reticulum. Its main tasks are the synthesis of biopolymers, intracellular transport of substances, and the depot of Ca+ ions.
- Golgi apparatus. Synthesizes polysaccharides, glycoproteins, participates in protein synthesis after its release from the endoplasmic reticulum, transports and ferments the secret in the cell.
- Peroxisomes and lysosomes. Digest absorbed substances and break down macromolecules, neutralize toxic substances.
- Vacuoles. Storage of substances, metabolic products.
- Mitochondria. Energy and respiratory processes inside the cell.
Non-membrane organelles:
- Ribosome. Proteins are synthesized with the participation of RNA, which carries genetic information about the structure and synthesis of proteins from the nucleus.
- Cell center. Participates in cell division.
- Microtubules and microfilaments. Carry out a supporting function and contractile.
- Eyelashes.
Specialized organelles are the acrosomespermatozoa, microvilli of the small intestine, microtubules and microcilia.
Now to the question: "Characterize the cellular level of organization of the human body", you can safely list the components and their role in organizing the structure of the cell.
Cloth level
In the human body, it is impossible to distinguish a level of organization in which any tissue consisting of specialized cells would not be present. Tissues are made up of cells and intercellular substance and, according to their specialization, they are divided into:
- Epithelial. Distinguish between single-layer and multilayer epithelium. Performs many functions, such as integumentary, secretory and others. Epithelial tissue lines the inner surface of hollow internal organs and forms glandular organs.
- Muscular. It is divided into two groups, including smooth and striated muscle tissue. It forms the muscular frame of the human body, is located in the walls of hollow organs and glands, blood vessels.
- Connecting. It serves as the basis for building the skeleton, as well as lymph, adipose tissue and blood.
Nervous. It integrates the external and internal environment, regulates metabolic processes and higher nervous activity
The levels of organization of the human body smoothly into each other and form an integral organ or system of organs that line many tissues. For example, gastrointestin althe intestinal tract, which has a tubular structure and consists of a serous, muscular and mucous layer. In addition, it has blood vessels that feed it and a neuromuscular apparatus controlled by the nervous system, as well as many enzyme and humoral control systems.
Organ level
All levels of organization of the human body listed earlier are components of organs. Organs perform specific functions to ensure the constancy of the internal environment in the body, metabolism and form systems of subordinate subsystems that perform a certain function in the body. For example, the respiratory system consists of lungs, respiratory tract, respiratory center.
The levels of organization of the human body as a whole are an integrated and fully self-sustaining organ system that forms the body.
The body as a whole
Combination of systems and organs form an organism in which the integration of systems, metabolism, growth and reproduction, plasticity, irritability is carried out.
There are four types of integration: mechanical, humoral, nervous and chemical.
Mechanical integration is carried out by intercellular substance, connective tissue, auxiliary organs. Humoral - blood and lymph. Nervous is the highest level of integration. Chemical - hormones of the endocrine glands.
The levels of organization of the human body is a hierarchical complication in the structure of his body. The organism as a whole has a physique - an external integrated form. Physique is the external form of the human body, which has different gender and age characteristics, the structure and position of internal organs.
Distinguish between asthenic, normosthenic and hypersthenic body types, which are differentiated by height, skeleton, muscles, the presence or absence of subcutaneous fat. Also, in accordance with the body type, organ systems have a different structure and position, size and shape.
The concept of ontogeny
Individual development of an organism is determined not only by genetic material, but also by external environmental factors. Levels of organization of the human body The concept of ontogenesis, or the individual development of the organism in the process of its development, uses different genetic materials involved in the functioning of the cell in the process of its development. The work of genes is influenced by the external environment: through environmental factors, renewal occurs, the emergence of new genetic programs, mutations.
For example, hemoglobin changes three times during the entire development of the human body. Proteins that synthesize hemoglobin go through several stages from embryonic hemoglobin, which passes into fetal hemoglobin. In the process of maturation of the body, hemoglobin passes into the form of an adult. These ontogenetic characteristics of the level of development of the human body briefly and clearly emphasize that the genetic regulation of the body performsan important role in the development of the organism from the cell to the systems and the organism as a whole.
Studying the organization of biological systems allows you to answer the question: "What are the levels of organization of the human body?". The human body is regulated not only by neurohumoral mechanisms, but also by genetic ones, which are located in every cell of the human body.
The levels of organization of the human body can be briefly described as a complex subordinate system that has the same structure and complexity as the entire system of living organisms. This pattern is an evolutionarily fixed feature of living organisms.
