The process of upbringing is a complex and lengthy stage aimed at the formation of a harmonious personality. First, let's find out what the term "pedagogy" is.
Origin of the term
The Greeks called a "teacher" a slave who took a child to class. Further, this term was used to refer to educators, teachers, teachers, as well as specialists in the field of pedagogy. In a literal translation, the word means "child-breeding." The process of education is the development of certain qualities in the younger generation. Gradually, some adjustments and additions were made to this definition, but its main meaning did not change.
For many centuries, the process of education, upbringing and personal development did not require special consideration, it was considered natural for the existence of mankind.
At an early stage in the emergence of society, it became necessary to pass on certain experience from generation to generation. For example, older family members passed on to the younger generation their experience in collecting, making various toolslabor, household organization.
As a person grew as a person, his life experience became more complicated, the methods of the upbringing process were modernized. Thanks to the Polish teacher Jan Amos Kamensky, didactics appeared, which is a separate branch of general pedagogy.
History of Pedagogy
The process of upbringing and education has deep historical roots. Three main tasks are relevant for any generation:
- master the experience of their ancestors;
- to increase the acquired knowledge;
- pass information to descendants.
Only in this case social progress is possible. Pedagogy is a science that studies the basic patterns of information transmission by the older generation, its assimilation by the younger generation. Education in the learning process is aimed at acquiring the social experience that a child will need for work and a normal life.
Gradually, pedagogical activity began to stand out as a separate area of activity. At first, the philosophers of ancient Greece were carried away by it. It was during this historical period that the term "school" appeared, which meant leisure. "Gymnasiums" began to be called public schools for physical development.
In the 17th century, education in the learning process stands out as a separate science. During this period, ideas and principles of education were actively developed in Russian pedagogy. For example, Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov created several educational books on grammar and rhetoric.
Categories of Pedagogy
In the eighteenth century, pedagogical science became an independent branch with its own subject of study. In modern society, the process of education is the activities aimed at the formation and development of the personality in the conditions of its education, upbringing, and training. How to properly organize this important and responsible process? This requires a variety of methods of the educational process.
Among the main categories of pedagogy, education, upbringing, training, development are noted.
The process of education is the development of a personality under the influence of internal and external factors. Development occurs under the influence of natural and social factors.
Features of education
The process of personality education is one of the most important in pedagogy. In a broad sense, education involves a purposeful process of the formation of the spiritual and physical forces of the individual, the intellect. This is a complete preparation for life, active work.
In a narrow sense, upbringing is the process of formation in the younger generation of respect for the environment, other people. This is a purposeful process during which the personality acquires those properties and qualities that correspond to the interests of a particular society.
The development of a full-fledged person is carried out only through education, accompanied by the transfer of one's experience, the transmission of the heritage of ancestors.
The basis of education andlearning
What are the main components of education and upbringing? The process of educating a person is based on skills, abilities, knowledge. They are the way to reflect reality with the help of concepts, facts, laws, ideas.
Skills imply a person's readiness to independently and consciously perform theoretical and practical actions based on social experience, knowledge, acquired skills.
Education in the process of activity involves the use of a system of special methods. Its result is the skills, knowledge, ways of thinking, which the trainee eventually masters.
Main pedagogical categories
The basics of the process of upbringing, education, development are the main pedagogical categories. Education is a process of self-development of the individual, associated with the mastery of its dimensions, knowledge, creative skills. Education can be viewed as a social heredity, the transfer of experience to subsequent generations. The organization of the upbringing process in a modern educational institution is associated with the creation of favorable conditions aimed at educational and extracurricular activities.
The pedagogical process is a combination of education and training, which ensures the cultural continuity of generations, the readiness of a person to fulfill professional and social roles.
The individual in education masters the sum of cultural and moral values that correspond to the expectations and interests of society. Education in full accordance withabilities and interests of the individual is a fundamental right of any person.
The state always supports education. In the process of development, one can influence the younger generation, form harmoniously developed personalities who are able to benefit their country.
Cultural continuity is that there is no spontaneous formation of social values of the individual. The process involves the purposeful development and upbringing of the younger generation.
As a pedagogical term, "education" was introduced at the end of the eighteenth century by Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi.
For a long time, this process was considered as the sum of skills, knowledge, and skills that are needed to carry out practical activities. Currently, special attention is paid to socialization as a qualitative and quantitative change in the system of values, attitudes, beliefs, moral qualities that the younger generation will need for successful adaptation in the social environment.
Modern education
Today, pedagogical science is considered as a certain system consisting of separate elements: process, result. Classical didactics endows education with four aspects: consistency, totality, value, effectiveness.
The value characteristic contains three blocks: education as a state, personal, social value. If education implies literacy, professional competence, mentality, then upbringingcharacterized by certain moral qualities.
The concept of upbringing methods
Difficult and dynamic pedagogical process forces the teacher to solve a lot of classic and unusual educational tasks related to the harmonious development of the individual. They have several unknowns, therefore, in order to successfully solve problems, the teacher must master educational methods.
They consist of a variety of techniques interconnected with each other. For example, to form views, beliefs, they use a classic conversation.
Parenting techniques
In domestic pedagogy, they are specific operations of interaction between the educator and the educator, depending on the purpose of their use. Means are objects of spiritual and material culture used in solving pedagogical problems.
Education methods are certain ways of influencing the behavior, feelings, consciousness of children in the process of preparing them for socialization.
For the formation of children's concepts, judgments, beliefs, the teacher conducts conversations, lectures, discussions, disputes.
The experience of behavior is formed during role-playing games, as well as when performing individual instructions given to the child by the teacher.
For self-esteem, stimulation of independent activity, the teacher actively uses punishment and encouragement, competitions and contests.
Spiritual activity aimed at comprehending life, creating a moral position of the subject, the formation of his worldview, is carried out in close connection with the process of acquiringscientific knowledge. For the development of motivations, conscious behavior in domestic pedagogy, the method of personal example is used.
Let's choose some methods of education that have the maximum effectiveness.
Using parables, fairy tales, metaphors, friendly discussions and disputes, improvisations on various topics, the teacher gradually forms the basic system of values in his pupils.
After the introduction of second-generation federal standards in educational institutions, teachers began to pay much more attention to creative collective projects, allowing not only to teach, but also to educate all members of the project team.
Classification of educational methods
Pedagogical literature describes various options that allow you to achieve any goals and objectives. By nature, they are divided into exercise, persuasion, punishment, encouragement. As a common feature is the assessment of the activities of pupils.
Based on the results of the impact, two classes of educational methods were identified:
- influences that create moral motives, attitudes, attitudes, ideas, concepts;
- influences that define some behavioral type.
The most objective and convenient is the classification of educational methods by direction. This integrative characteristic, which includes the content, target, procedural aspects of education:
- formation of personal consciousness;
- organization of social experience of behavior;
- stimulating activities.
Consciousness can be formed during thematic lectures, ethical conversations, stories, reports, briefings. To stimulate (motivate) the independent work of pupils, teachers actively use rating systems of marks.
Let's dwell on some ways of forming personal consciousness. Not constant beliefs, but real actions and deeds characterize the upbringing of modern schoolchildren. That is why the educational process is based on socialization.
Teachers try to combine theoretical and practical techniques to achieve the best result. Among the priority areas of modern education, the leader is the formation of a sense of patriotism, love for the native land, family values.
Persuasion is a variant of a versatile impact on the practical activities of children. To effectively manage the educational process, the teacher takes into account the actions of pupils when working on individual stages, small operations.
To form a caring attitude to the culture of the native land, family values, it is necessary to use not only suggestion, but also examples of artistic culture, to acquaint schoolchildren with the best people of the village, town, city, country.
The teacher must build a clear and consistent chain of actions, be guided in his pedagogical activity by common sense, rely on the social order. The teacher tries to appeal not only to the feelings of the pupil, but also to their minds.
The lecture isa detailed, lengthy, systematic presentation of the essence of a particular educational, scientific, educational problem. It is based on a generalization of theoretical or practical material. The lecture is accompanied by illustrations, presentations, conversation elements.
Dispute differs from lectures and conversations by the opportunity for schoolchildren to express their reasoned position on the issue under consideration.
It is the dispute that allows the younger generation to gain experience in defending a personal point of view, arguing a position, maintaining ethical standards for conducting a discussion.
Among the options for the educational impact on the younger generation, it is necessary to note the desire of children to imitate. Watching their parents, teachers, older brothers and sisters, children develop their own system of values. For the development of industriousness, patriotism, high morality, fidelity to duty, before the eyes of the student there must be a positive personal example of an educator or teacher.
Exercise is needed to shape the behavioral experience. They involve the planned and systematic performance by pupils of various actions, practical assignments aimed at personal development.
Coaching is a systematic and regular implementation of specific actions aimed at forming positive habits. During the educational process, it is implemented by performing special exercises, and in educational work it involves the implementation of instructions that are related to the social environment.
Conclusion
Research confirms the effectiveness of using a variety of competitions in educating the younger generation. Modern adolescents are characterized by a consumerist attitude to life, which negatively affects their value system. In order to avoid such an approach, the Ministry of Education carried out the modernization of modern educational institutions.
Currently, special attention is paid to the organization of full-fledged extracurricular activities for schoolchildren, the creation of additional sports sections and intellectual circles. Only with an integrated approach to the process of education, upbringing, development, one can count on the implementation of the social order of society - the formation of a harmoniously developed personality.
Teachers understand the importance and significance of the educational process, so in their work they are guided by effective methods and techniques aimed at educating the younger generation.
