Tiun is a well-established generic name for a number of categories that included personal princely and boyar servants. Even this name in Ancient Russia was called civil servants, or rather their positions in the administrative-judicial field.
Meaning
In Kievan Rus, a tiun (tivun) was called a princely or boyar manager, clerk, steward, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in the Muscovite state until the 17th century. - the name of economic, vicegerent, church and judicial positions. The function itself has Scandinavian roots and arrived on the territory of Russia thanks to the Varangians (ancient Scandinavian thionn). The etymology of the word demonstrates its very wide distribution: from Old Russian this word means “manager”, in Ukrainian it is “overseer”, “manager of the estate”. Tiun is also a servant of the princely court, and also the lower link of the administration in the villages.
Tiun in Russia
Tiun in Ancient Russia are household managers who are in the service of the boyars or princes and are responsible for order. Fiery, later name - palace, was responsible for the house, yard. The stable tiun, respectively, was responsible for the horses andstall, stable work. Field work, etc., lay on the rural and ratai. Tiuns were the most necessary support and help for feudal landowners in administration and court. Most of them were not free. As Russkaya Pravda says, as soon as a person accepted a position called “tiun”, he moved into the category of those who are called serfs. In order to preserve their freedom, it was necessary to conclude a special agreement. Russkaya Pravda also speaks of “Tivun without a row” (this means the absence of a proper contract) as one of the sources of servility. Despite this, the social position of the princely tiuns was very high. For the murder of a village or warrior - 12 hryvnia, for the murder of a servant of a boyar - 40 hryvnia. The largest size is set for the princely flaming one - 80 hryvnia.
Kholopa-tiuna was allowed to be a witness in court, if there were no other free ones, although the rule said "obedience is laid down for a serf." At the same time, only the prince himself could conduct a trial over him. Secondary officials who belonged to the judicial and administrative power were also called tiuns. They were appointed by princes, volostels or governors. In the 13-14 centuries, the number of tiuns of the governor was determined with the help of statutory letters. If we compare the court of minor officials with that of the governor, then the first was the lowest instance. Despite the fact that the remuneration of the tiun was carried out on an equal footing, his income did not reach half the profit of the governor. The population rebelled against the officials they hated (you can recall the uprising of the inhabitantsKyiv in 1146). In literary monuments, tiun is a selfish oppressor of the people (for example, in the Word of Daniel the Sharpener).
Tiuns in the Moscow state and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Here the emphasis shifts from economic to managerial and judicial functions. In the 14th–17th centuries continued to exist princely tiun, engaged in his economy. There were also those included in the vicegerent apparatus and those who had judicial functions. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was called tiuns by large feudal lords who were responsible for managing the volosts (later they were called governors) and collecting tribute (which at that time was also called "polyudie"). In some parts of Galician Rus, where vestiges of ancient Russian law still existed, these were elected representatives of rural communities.
Tiouns and the Church
Church tiuns were of two kinds: those who were subordinate to secular hierarchal officials, and those who called themselves "lords". The last group lived in the cathedral city and served with the bishop himself. According to the decree of the Stoglavy Cathedral, the main duty of the tiun was to issue banners to the priests who visited the cathedral and were hired to serve the liturgy. The latter were the right to carry out such actions. Later, the tiuns are responsible for order in the church. They watch as the clergy and priestly elders do their duty.
Tiun hut
Tiun, whose importance was great in the church, andpriestly elders sat together in the hut of Popovskaya, and then in Tiunskaya until 1667. However, the situation has changed. From 1674 to 1690, the Tiun hut was replaced by Patriarch Joachim on the orders of church affairs. In 1724 it was finally closed. The hierarchs followed the example of the patriarch and brought into fashion the opening of Tiun huts or orders. The latter were responsible for the same matters related to diocesan administration, as in the old days and tiun. To create assistance to the Synod during the time of Peter I, a chamber was created, which was also called the office, but the next year it was abolished.
Tiun is a person who was deprived of his freedom, but also endowed with a lot of responsibilities. These people looked after the house, the field, animals, occupied a certain position in the church or were officials.
