Not all students know how to write an essay correctly. After the creation of their own projects or research became mandatory for students of general education schools according to new federal standards, this issue became relevant for schoolchildren as well.
Let's try to find out the basic requirements for such work. Agree, it’s a shame when, instead of the desired excellent mark for serious research, the teacher puts only “satisfactory”.
General rules
Let's try to understand how to write an abstract in the humanities and sciences. You need to start with the first sheet, which is called the business card of the abstract. How to write a title essay? Currently, different versions of abstracts are used, each of them has its own requirements for the design of the first page. We will talk about educational essays, which are most often found in secondary schools, technical schools, higher educational institutions.
Title page
Many schools and universities strictly approachdesign of creative works. That is why it is important to know how to properly format the title page of the abstract. It includes several components. First, the name (full) of the educational institution is indicated: school, college, university, on the basis of which the work is carried out. Formatting is supposed to be in the center of the sheet. This is followed by the inscription "abstract", the title of the work, the discipline in which it was made.
Let's continue the conversation about how to properly format an abstract. The sample for the university assumes an indication on the title page of the department, faculty. Then you must specify information about the author of the work: full name, course, as well as the data of the supervisor, his academic degree. The information block is placed on the right side of the page. In the center, at the bottom of the page, indicate the year of writing the abstract, as well as the city.
As the main size for the title page, choose - 14, write the word "SUMMARY" in a larger font. In order to clarify how to properly issue a title page for an abstract, you can ask your supervisor for a sample.
Contents
It is placed on the second sheet of the work, include here the introduction, paragraphs and chapters, conclusion, conclusions, recommendations, list of references used, as well as applications.
A mandatory condition is to indicate the page number for each individual element. Applications can be in the form of separate sheets, folders with materials, disks. They complement and decorate the abstract. How to arrangecontent?
At the top, the word "content" is written in the center without quotes. Then detailed information about all the main elements of the work is indicated, formatting is taken on the left.
To understand how to write an essay correctly, a sample of the content of a school essay is offered.
Introduction
This part should be in the school essay, and in the term paper, and in the diploma. It is divided into chapters. In some cases, several points (paragraphs) are distinguished within the material. When discussing how to properly format an abstract, we note that it is best to start chapters from a new page. In some works, it is allowed to indicate on separate sheets only the main paragraphs. Many students try to artificially "inflate" their work in order to meet length requirements. But teachers quickly understand such a trick and punish students with low grades.
Main part
Speaking of how to write an abstract in accordance with GOST, we note that in the main text it is necessary to present the material logically, consistently, without departing from the main topic of the work.
Not all students know how to write an essay correctly. The sample below is a student's work in the field of chemistry. Of course, there are significant differences in design between student and student work. The similarity lies in the need for the presence in the abstract of a personal position, motivated by arguments and specific examples. All paragraph titlesare indicated in the center, they are not supposed to be highlighted in a different font or underlined.
A mandatory element of any work is summing up, drawing logical conclusions.
Bibliography
Let's try to understand how to correctly format the list of references in the abstract. Depending on what area the author touches in the work, he selects certain literary sources. All of them are listed after the main material in alphabetical order. First, the author of the book is written down, its title, then the year of release of the source, the number of pages.
Talking about how to correctly arrange literature in an abstract, we note that a good work should have at least 7-10 books. Here is an example of the design of one of the sources.
Ivanov II Intergalactic electric motors. – M.: Polytech, 2014. – 421 p.
An obligatory element of good work is the use of references to the bibliography in the main text. To do this, square brackets are placed inside the work with numbers corresponding to the position of the book in the list of references.
Applications
How to write an abstract? The sample school work presented below contains additional materials - applications. Each should have a name, be indicated in the table of contents, and begin on a new sheet. The finished material is printed, then stapled, put into a folder.
Having figured out how to write an essay correctly, we will present a sample for the school using the example of work in chemistry.
Mendeleev's role in the development of the oil industry
Table of Contents
Introduction. Page
Main part.
Chapter 1. A look into the distant past. Page
Chapter 2. D. I. Mendeleev and the oil industry. Page
Chapter 3. Analysis of the contribution of D. I. Mendeleev to the oil industry. Page
Conclusion. Page
App. Page
Bibliographic list. Page
Intro.
D. I. Mendeleev wrote that labor is not vanity, serious work. He imagined it as a calm, measured activity that benefits other people. The great scientist always tried to get rid of unnecessary fuss, he devoted his whole life to serving his country.
These ideas of the great scientist make it possible to understand why he never thought about his own material gain. Throughout his life, he managed to introduce many innovative ideas that contribute to the prosperity of Russia. And all this thanks to his ability to work, to bring the work begun to the end, patience and prudence.
In our time, there is a real oil "boom". The prices for "black gold" are closely connected with the economy of our country and, consequently, with our material well-being, so there is no doubt about the relevance of the topic I have chosen. We live in a world of products and things derived from oil. Maybe historians will call our period the oil period, because, in my opinion, there is no such sphere of human activity where there would be no oil products.
In my work I want toanalyze how significant the name of D. I. Mendeleev is in the oil industry. Thus, I set myself the following tasks:
- find out the past of oil;
- analyze the importance of D. I. Mendeleev in solving the problems of processing petroleum products, show the contribution that the scientist made to the development of the domestic oil industry;
- match the oil industry today with the industry's future.
Chapter 1. A look into the distant past.
It is currently difficult to note the dates when humanity first encountered oil. In my opinion, this happened at the very beginning of the development of the Earth's civilization, when, through trial and error, a person was looking for useful substances for himself. Probably the first thing that sparked interest in oil was its astringent properties. It was used as an adhesive and as an additive to building materials. In the tombs of the Middle East, in the ruins of the ancient civilizations of America, jewelry and various structures are found, fastened with "petroleum cement".
Probably, from the day when a person first encountered oil and began to use it to illuminate dwellings, to prepare ointments, he was interested in the question of what oil is and where it came from. Hundreds of years have passed, but no exact answer has been found to this question. Oil is a natural mixture of hydrocarbons with an admixture of sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen compounds. It is the same natural fossil fuel as coal. It differs from other combustible fossils in a large content of hydrogen and the amount of heat released during its combustion.
Chapter2. D. I. Mendeleev and the oil industry.
The initial assumption about the origin of oil was made at the end of the last century by D. I. Mendeleev, who considered the formation of petroleum hydrocarbons as a result of the interaction of water with metal carbides, and V. D. Sokolov, who pointed to the cosmic origin of oil.
According to D. I. Mendeleev, oil hydrocarbons could be formed as follows: 2 FeC + 3 H2O=Fe2O 3 + C2H6.
When in 1863 D. I. Mendeleev decided to devote his activities to the oil refining industry, he was strongly opposed by scientists who claimed that there was no oil in the country. Mendeleev continued to defend his point of view, with enviable tenacity he considered issues related to the origin, production, transportation, and refining of oil.
Chapter 3. Analysis of the contribution of D. I. Mendeleev to the oil industry.
I'll try to analyze what has changed in the oil industry after D. I. Mendeleev, because a lot of time has passed. The activities of a scientist, the work of people who helped him to realize the idea, are evaluated by one criterion - the ruble, the cost of implementing the idea and the effect of its implementation. D. I. Mendeleev attached great importance to this, and this issue remains relevant to this day. D. I. Mendeleev proposed to use all the products of oil refining, which is happening now. D. I. Mendeleev advised to make a profit in oil refining not due to an increase in production, but precisely due to high-qualityprocessing of raw materials. In addition, D. I. Mendeleev called for oil savings. In order to avoid the upcoming crisis in the economic sphere, D. I. Mendeleev called for the use of alternative energy sources, as well as:
a) economically and rationally use natural resources;
b) create new sources of raw materials that can replace natural classic raw materials.
The rate of oil production is growing, industrially available oil reserves have been developed, their reserves are insignificant, the prospect of discovering new deposits is not so great. Oil has become an expensive and hard-to-find mineral resource. She has to go to remote uninhabited areas, to complex geological zones.
Oil has become a criterion for assessing the profitability of any production; it has become the international standard for the price of every product produced in any country on the globe. The scientist tried to find the best option for high-quality oil refining, to create continuous production on the territory of our country.
No matter how hard Dmitry Mendeleev tried to prove his case to the scientific world, dealing with both the production of tankers and the calculation of the oil pipeline, all his arguments were not taken into account, they ran into a blank wall of misunderstanding. At present, the thermal distillation of oil, proposed by D. I. Mendeleev, is functioning quite successfully.
Not all the brilliant ideas of D. I. Mendeleev have been implemented, which is a pity, perhaps the Russian oil industry would have improved and brought considerable income to the country.
Conclusion
On mylook, do not forget that our world is approaching the turn of the fourth millennium of a new era. What will it be, what awaits a person beyond this line? Thoughts about what awaits people in the future are always relevant. At present, ideas about the possibilities of using oil and products of its processing have increased significantly. The level of development of science and technology, computer technology, all this makes it possible to foresee future events, change something, and mitigate the negative consequences of the combustion of petroleum products. Saving natural fuel resources of oil is only a minor measure that does not solve the existing problem as a whole. If at present it is impossible to abandon the burning of oil, then at least one can try to do this with maximum effect. Partial replacement of hydrocarbons for the production of gasolines can be performed by using their mixture with oxygen-containing substances such as methyl, ethyl and butyl alcohols.
Oil is the most valuable raw material for the chemical industry, and therefore, it seems to me, in the future this particular area of oil consumption will be a priority, and products of thermonuclear reactions can become energy sources.
Conclusions
Summing up the results of the work carried out, I can say with confidence that the world has the opportunity to get out of the critical resource situation associated with oil reserves. It is up to us, the descendants of D. I. Mendeleev, to solve these problems.
