Here and now we will consider cybernetics as a complex science, dealing with a huge number of problems of the human race. We list the branches of this science and characterize their main differences and the problems of the issues they are involved in, and also pay attention to the history of the development of cybernetics.
Science Overview
Cybernetics (k-ka) is a science that combines many components of the studied branches of human activity. It is aimed at studying the general laws about the receipt, storage, transformation and transmission of information in complex and regulated systems, for example, in a car, society or a living organism.
Sections of cybernetics are divided into a huge number of constituent components and study a huge range of areas of human activity, all places where, with the help of information exploitation, a person could interfere in the course of events.
The term was coined by Ampère. Initially, he defined cybernetic science as information about the government of the country, which is obliged to ensure civic diversity.existing benefits. Currently, this science is defined as the doctrine of patterns observed and used in the transmission of information in mechanical structures, the body and society; the term was coined by N. Wiener.
There are many other ways to define this science, such as Lewis Kaufman, Gordon Pask, etc.
Sections of cybernetics include the study of feedback, black box, derived elements of concepts inside machines, living organisms and organizations. This science focuses on processing and responding to information.
There are 7 main sections of cybernetics, but often psychology and sociology can be divided into separate branches of study and activity of this science, therefore sometimes they are divided into 8.
Fields of activity
The development and sections of cybernetics, their formation and areas of research are closely related to the object of study, which is any system that can be controlled. The concepts of the cybernetic approach and the system were introduced into cybernetics, where the system itself is considered as an abstract concept, which is not affected by the origin of their material nature. Examples of such structures can be automatic regulators in various mechanisms, machines, the human brain and its society, biological population, etc. Any of the above systems is, first of all, the relationship between the many components of the system under consideration, the ways they perceive, memorize and processing of information and, of course, the possibility of its exchange between systems. Cybernetics is developinggeneral principles that allow you to manage the system and bring it to automation. The emergence of cybernetics is due to the creation of machines in the forties of the twentieth century, and its rapid development and application in practice is associated with the development of electronic computing technology.
In addition to the ways of analyzing information, cybernetics uses powerful tools to synthesize the solution of problems provided by mathematical analysis, linear algebra, probability theory, computer science, econometrics, etc.
Cybernetics plays the most important role in labor psychology. This is due to the fact that cybernetics, as the science of the best ways to control a dynamic system, studies the total number of existing control principles and their interrelationships in systems of any nature, from a homing missile to a complex living organism. The second cybernetic order and its constituent elements.
Cybernetics consists of many branches, and systems and sections of cybernetics can be divided according to a variety of principles, but the main two components of this science are second-order cybernetics and research in biology.
Pure cybernetics
Let's consider a second-order (pure) k-ku. This is a science that studies control systems as a concept. She tries to find her main principles.
In pure cybernetics, the main areas of study and activity can be identified:
- Artificial intelligence is the science and technology that creates machines endowed withintellect. Particular attention is paid to computer programs, the properties of intelligent systems and their ability to perform a creative function, which is considered a feature of a person.
- K-ka of the second order - a form of cybernetics reoriented earlier to the biological nature and the form of its knowledge, focused on the subject. Proponents of this path of science believe that reality is constructed individually, and the existing knowledge is “consistent” between subjects, but is not identical to the world of sensory experience.
- Computer form of vision - technical vision, which is based on technology that allows machines to detect, track and classify objects. As a technological discipline, this industry seeks to apply theoretical data and models of virtually recorded vision to create a computer vision model. Vivid examples are: video surveillance, modeling of surrounding objects, interaction system, computational photos, etc.
- Control system - a subset of tools for collecting data on a controlled object, as well as options for influencing it. The main goal is to achieve the best result. Objects can be both people and machines. A relationship structure can contain two objects.
- The management system, where a person acts as a regulatory link, is called a management system.
- The main sections of cybernetics also include emergence (emergence). Systems theory defines this elementcybernetics as special properties of a system that its elements do not have. Thus, there is an irreducibility of the qualitative characteristics of the system to the total sum of its parameters in the presence of all components. A synonym for this phenomenon is called the system effect.
Research in Biology
The section of cybernetics that studies the organism is based on data obtained in the study and analysis of information about a living organism. The main area of study is the adaptation of living organisms to the environment around them and consideration of the ways in which genetic material is transmitted from parents to children. There is another direction - cyborgs.
The classical sections of cybernetics that study biological systems include:
- Bioengineering is the science of technology and how to use it in medical practice and biological research. The fields of biological engineering range from the creation and operation of an artificial organ to the cultivation of organs from tissue.
- Biological k-ka - scientific perception of the idea of the method and technology of cybernetics, engaged in the consideration of physiological and biological problems.
- Bioinformatics is a branch of cybernetics that studies the total number of ways and approaches. Includes mathematical, algorithmic and strategic methods.
- Bionics is a practical teaching about the application of properties, parameters, actions performed and the structural arrangement of nature to technical devices and the systemic principles of their organization.
- Nextthe section of cybernetics that studies the body is called medical science - options for the exploitation of technological achievements and their results in the field of medicine and he alth care. Here, computational diagnostics and an automated system in a he althcare organization are singled out.
- In addition to the above-mentioned branches of study and activity of biological science, this also includes neurocybernetics, the study of the state of homeostasis, synthetic biology and systems biology.
Introduction to the theory of complex systems
In cybernetics, the concept of the existence of a complex system is singled out. The theory of such systems deals with the analysis of their nature and the reasons underlying their extraordinary properties. Its constituent elements are called the Complex Adaptive System (CAS), the theory of complex systems and the complex system itself.
Let's consider one of these components, namely CAC. It has a certain number of properties:
- Constructed from many subsystems.
- Considered an open type system; exchanges energy potential, substances and information between systems.
- The properties of such a structure are not inferred from its smaller organizational levels.
- She has a fractal type of structure.
- May be in a stationary state.
- Has the ability to increase order and complexity through adaptive activity.
Computer systems and cybernetics
Computer technology is used by man to analyze the collectedinformation and device management. The above elements of pure cybernetics, artificial intelligence and computer vision are also included here, but, in addition to them, they are also distinguished:
- robotics - a practical exercise involved in the creation of technical systems of an automated type;
- DSSS is a support and decision-making system, the main purpose of which is to help a person in difficult decision making. The main feature is a fully objective analysis of the subject of assessment;
- cellular automaton is a model of a discrete type, which is studied by: mathematics, theoretical biology, computability theory, physics, and also micromechanics. The main area of cellular automaton research is the study of the algorithmic solvability of any problems;
- simulator - imitation of a process controlled by a machine or a person;
- theory of pattern recognition is a branch of computer science and related disciplines, engaged in the development of methods for classifying and identifying, incidents, signal, situational circumstances, processes of the object or group of objects being studied, characterized by the presence of a limit in the set of qualitative characteristics and features. Uses range from military to security systems;
- control system - a set of methods for collecting data about an object under control and options for influencing the behavior of a subject or object. The main goal is to achieve specific goals;
- automated control system (ACS) - a comprehensive education from the meanshardware and software type. Another part of such a system is the personnel necessary to regulate processes within the framework of technological activities, the production of an enterprise.
Exploitation of cybernetics in engineering
Sections of cybernetics in the engineering field of activity are divided into:
- An adaptive system in which the automatic change of algorithmic data occurs during the operation of the system.
- Ergonomics - the science of the adaptations of duties, the workplace, labor objects and their subjects and virtual programs.
- Biomedical engineering - the form and method of applying the principles of engineering, its principles in medical practice and biological science.
- Neurocomputers are a data processing mechanism based on the principle of the natural neural system.
- Technical cybernetics is a branch of science concerned with the study of technical management systems. The main direction is the creation of an automated regulation system.
- Systems engineering is a discipline from the field of Soviet engineering, which paid attention to the methods of designing, creating and testing systems of a complex technical type, with a view to their further operation.
Relationship between cybernetics and economics and mathematics
Sections of cybernetics of mathematics and economics are divided into 6 branches of study, three for each separate science.
Among the economic areas of study, we single out: economic policy, its management andoperations research. Their main tasks are to find ideas that are used in economic activity and the optimal solution of problems when faced with a variety of problems using, for example, statistical or mathematical modeling.
Sections of mathematical cybernetics include systems of dynamic type, information theory and general systems theory. They are mainly engaged in solving problems in which it is necessary to have a clear specification of parameters, analyzed data, etc. The mathematical representation of information about cybernetics is the most accurate and correct.
Psychology, sociology and cybernetics
In psychology and sociology sections of cybernetics are divided into psychological and social k-tic and memetics. The main tasks of these branches of science are the study of the structure and functioning of interactions in various systems of an analyzing nature, conscious and unconscious spheres, the modeling of the mental characteristics of a person and the study of the theory of the content of consciousness, culture and its evolution.
Historical information
History and branches of cybernetics are closely connected with the development of this science. The beginning of modern k-ki can be considered the beginning of the 1940s, where it was an interdisciplinary field of research, combining systems of various forms of control, the theory of the electrical circuit, the structure of machines, logical type modeling, biology in its evolutionary direction of development and neurological research. The first work from which the electronic control system originated is the work of HaroldBlack (1927). In general, initially the term "cybernetics" in ancient Greece was used to refer to the art of statesmen.
Information and sections of cybernetics can be conditionally divided according to belonging to the period in which this or that phenomenon, information was studied. Science itself can be divided into new and old k-ku, where the new begins in the 1970s, and the old, respectively, from the moment science appeared.
The study of the seventies was booming in biology, but research in the eighties was already more focused on “the interaction of an autonomous political figure and its subgroups, the reflexive consciousness of the subject that creates and reproduces the structures of political communities.
Recently, a lot of effort has been put into the study of game theory, evolutionary feedback systems and the study of materials. These areas of research are reviving interest in the science in question.
