Advancement of science is the lot of talented and hardworking people who were not afraid to put forward their own hypothesis, to propose a project, to invent a new device. Improving, humanity has seen many special, interesting and important discoveries in the field of biology for each millennium. Who are the very people who glorified Russia? Who are these famous biologists?
From antiquity to the 19th century
Famous biologists and their discoveries began to appear a long time ago. Even in ancient times, when there was no talk of such a science, people appeared who wanted to comprehend the secrets of the world around them. These are such famous personalities as Aristotle, Pliny, Dioscorides.
Biology as a science began to emerge closer to the 17th century. The systematics of living organisms appeared, such disciplines as microbiology and physiology were born. Anatomy continued to develop: the second circle of blood circulation was discovered, erythrocytes and spermatozoa of animals were studied for the first time. Famous biologists of that time are William Harvey, A. Leeuwenhoek, T. Morgan.
XIX and XXcentury is the peak of new discoveries that have changed the world. The most famous biologists who lived at that time were able to colossally change the course of science. The significance of the 19th and 20th centuries cannot be overestimated, because the main hypotheses and innovations appeared just at that time, not only in biology, but also in other areas of science. Probably the most important research was carried out only thanks to such personalities as Pavlov, Vernadsky, Mechnikov and many other famous Russian biologists.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Born in 1744 in Picardy. He put forward his hypothesis of the evolution of life on earth, for which he was called the predecessor of Darwin. Lamarck also introduced the term "biology" and laid the foundation for such disciplines as zoology and paleontology of invertebrates.
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
After his father's death, Leeuwenhoek began working as an ordinary glass grinder. A few years later, he became a master of his craft, which helped him design his own 200x microscope. With this microscope, Leeuwenhoek discovered free-living organisms - bacteria and protists.
Also, the scientist was the first to prove that blood is a liquid with a large number of cells. Blood cells, erythrocytes, were also discovered by Leeuwenhoek.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
I. P. Pavlov was born in Ryazan in 1849. After graduating from the seminary in his native city, he decided to connect his life with science. The future scientist graduated from medicalsurgical academy, having adopted the mastery of the scalpel from the teachers. How did the most famous biologists of the 19th century achieve?
Pavlov's research activity was based on the functions of the nervous system. He studied the structure of the brain, the process of transmission of a nerve impulse. The scientist was also engaged in research on the digestive system, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1904. Until his death, I. P. Pavlov worked as the rector of the Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences.
Like all famous biologists, Pavlov spent most of his life in science. For about 35 years he was engaged in research, linking the work of the central nervous system with the characteristics of psychological behavior. The scientist became the founder of a new direction in science - the physiology of higher nervous activity. Research was conducted in the laboratory, mental hospitals and animal kennels. In general, all the conditions for normal work were provided by the government of the USSR itself, since the results of the research helped to take a big step towards the scientific revolution in the field of nervous activity.
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky
Practically all famous Russian biologists were outstanding chemists, physicists, mathematicians. A striking example is V. I. Vernadsky, a great thinker, naturalist, researcher.
Vernadsky was born in 1863 in St. Petersburg. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, he began to study the properties of radioactive elements, the composition of the earth's crust, and the structure of minerals. His research gave impetus to the founding of a new discipline - biogeochemistry.
Vernadsky also put forward his hypothesis about the development of the biosphere, according to which all organisms are living matter. Involving radioactive solar energy in the circulation of substances, he combined living and non-living things into one biological system.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
Famous biologists of the 19th century made many discoveries in the field of human physiology and immunology.
Mechnikov was born in 1845 in the village of Ivanovka, Kharkov province, graduated from school in 1862 and entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kharkov University. After completing his studies at the university, the scientist began his research in the field of invertebrate embryology.
In 1882, Mechnikov meets with Louis Pasteur, who offers him a good job at the Pasteur University. Ilya Ilyich worked there for several more years. During this time, he not only made several important discoveries in the field of embryology, but also began to study such a phenomenon as phagocytosis. Actually, Mechnikov managed to discover it for the first time using the example of leukocytes.
In 1908, the scientist received the Nobel Prize for the development of immunology and medicine. Thanks to his research, these disciplines were able to rise to a new level of development.
Mechnikov worked at the University of Paris until the end of his life and died after several heart attacks.
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov
Famous biologistsRussia can boast of the significance of their discoveries. N. I. Vavilov, a microbiologist, botanist, plant physiologist, astronomer and geographer, was no exception.
Vavilov was born in 1887 in Moscow. From early childhood, he was fond of collecting plants, compiling herbariums, and studying the properties of chemicals. It is not surprising that his future place of study will be the Moscow Agricultural Institute, where he was able to show his talent.
Vavilov's most important discovery is the law of homologous series, which explains the parallelism in the inheritance of traits of several generations of organisms. The scientist found that closely related species have the same alleles of the same gene. This phenomenon is used in breeding to predict the possible properties of plants.
Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (1864-1920)
Famous biologists worked not only in the field of botany, anatomy, physiology, but also promoted new disciplines. For example, D. I. Ivanovsky contributed to the development of virology.
Ivanovsky graduated from St. Petersburg University in 1888 at the Department of Botany. Under the guidance of talented teachers, he studied plant physiology and microbiology, which gave him the opportunity to find the source material for his future discovery.
Dmitry Iosifovich conducted his research on tobacco. He noticed that the causative agent of the tobacco mosaic is not visible in the most powerful microscope and does not grow on ordinary nutrient media. A little later, he concluded that there are non-cellular organismsorigins that cause such diseases. Ivanovsky called them viruses, and since then such a branch of biology as virology has been founded, which other famous biologists of the world could not achieve.
Conclusion
This is not a complete list of scientists who were able to glorify Russia with their research. Famous biologists and their discoveries gave impetus to the qualitative development of science. Therefore, we can rightly call the 19th-20th centuries the peak of scientific activity, the time of great discoveries.
